1. The Classification of Living Organisms
The Five Kingdoms

2. The Five Kingdom Classification
of Living Organisms
It is generally agreed that all organisms
belong to one of five Kingdoms.
All the members of any one Kingdom
may look extremely different from one another
but all share certain significant features in common
which set them apart from the members of any other Kingdom

3. Prokaryotae Bacteria and blue-green bacteria (or cyanobacteria)
e.g. Spirillum, Staphylococcus
Cells are prokaryotic (no nucleus, no organelles) and very small (< 10 mm)
Cells have cell wall made of peptidoglycans/murein
Autotrophic (chemosynthesis or photosynthesis)
and heterotrophic

4. Protoctista e.g. seaweeds Plasmodium (the cause of malaria),
Foraminiferans, Paramecium
Diatoms
Amoeba
Spirogyra alga Euglena
Trypanosoma
(the cause of sleeping sickness)

5. Eukaryotic; unicellular and multicellular
Autotrophic (e.g. seaweeds)
and heterotrophic (e.g. Plasmodium)
Cells of some have cellulose walls (e.g. seaweeds)
whilst cells of other do not (e.g. Plasmodium)
Organisms are classed here if they
do not fit into any other Kingdom

6. Moulds, yeasts, mushrooms
Fungi
Moulds, yeasts, mushrooms

7. Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic
Cells have walls made of chitin
(a type of glucose-based polymer with attached amino acids, so different to cellulose)
Some unicellular (e.g. yeasts) but usually body is a multicellular (but often no separate cells, so more accurately multinucleate)) mass (mycelium) of thread-like filaments (hyphae)
Reproduce by forming resistant spores

8. Plantae
Mosses, ferns, flowering plants

9. Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Complex body structures; specialised cells, tissues, organs
Autotrophic (photosynthesis)
Cells have wall made of cellulose
Have a complex life cycle with a sexually reproducing adult stage and an asexually reproducing adult stage

10. Animalia E
Sea anemones, earthworms, insects, snails, fish, humans

11. Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Complex body structures; specialised cells, tissues, organs
Heterotrophic; most have a gut (digestive system)
Cells lack cell walls
Most are motile.
Have a nervous system
Embryo has a stage at which it is a hollow ball of cells (the blastula)

12. Five Kingdoms
Prokaryotae
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

13. Taxonomic groups: the 5 Kingdoms

14. Taxonomic groups: Major phyla and classes of the Animal Kingdom
[There are actually 33 phyla!]