1. WHEATSTRAW BIOREFINERY Sherry Yang Jiang Chao Ebido Chike 2018.11.26

2. PART 01 Backgrounds PART 02 Methods PART 03 Economic assessment

3. Straw Grain Wheat – cultivated for its cereal grain which is a worldwide staple food Wheat Straw – the dry stalks of wheat after the grain has been removed Wheat straw is the largest biomass feedstock in Europe and the second largest in the world after rice straw WHAT IS WHEAT STRAW ?

4. In China, Wheat is the main grain crop next only to rice. Planting area: 23.99million hectares, 25.8% of the total grain-growing land area. Main growing regions: north China, including Shan xi / Shan dong / Henan province, etc Wheat production(2017): 129.8million tons ， 5410.1 kg/hectare Wheatstraw production(2017): 129.8*1.17=151.87million tons (“1.17” is the average Residue factor of wheatstraw in China) WHEAT STRAW IN CHINA Main region of Whaet Main region of Rice Data sources: National Bureau of Statistics

5. CELLULOSE (45-55%) CHEMICAL COMPOSITION LIGNIN (15-20%) HEMICELLULOSE (25-35%)

6. TRADITIONAL USES burning feeding composting incorporation Effects: Heavy pollution/ low eco-efficiency…

7. Production of bioethanol from wheat straw 7 Method Due to this structural complexity of the lignocellulosic matrix, ethanol production from wheat straw requires at least four major unit operations PretreatmentHydrolysisFermentationDistillation

8. 8 The objectives are to increase the surface area and porosity of the substrate, reduce the crystallinity of cellulose and disrupt the heterogeneous structure of cellulosic materials. Aims to improve the rate of production as well as the total yield of liberated sugars in hydrolysis step  physical  physico-chemical  chemical  biological processes Pretreatment

9. 9 Carbon-like residues 100 kg of loose straw100 kg of ground straw Key issues associated with the low density of straw A.Transport B.Storage C.Extration Pretreatment Pelletisation + Steam explosion Advantages of pelletisation A.Increase in density B.Decrease cost of transport/storage C.Increase quantity of material Further increase in density (×3) Decrease cost of transport/storage I tit f t i l hi h S d Increase quantity of material which can be fed in the extractor The extraction process (use of high pressures) will turn the pellets into powder Ρ×10 Ρ×30

10. 10 Treatment of biomass with stream at high temperature （ 180 ℃ - 220 ℃）,followed by explosive decompression, is one of the most cost- effective and widely used pretreatment methods for wheat straw Pretreatment Pelletisation + Steam explosion Interestingly, the highest overall yield of the sum of glucose and xylose was obtained with treatment at 190 °C and 10 min for the wheat straw.

11. 11 a class of enzymes known as cellulases Hydrolysis using appropriate enzymes represents the most effective method to liberate simple sugars from cellulosic materials Hydrolysis Enzymes These enzymes can be produced by fungi Trichoderma reesei and A. niger (Table 2) and/or bacteria such as Clostridium cellulovorans Trichoderma reesei and A. niger (Table 2) and/or bacteria such as Clostridium cellulovorans Table 2

12. 12 The ideal microorganism should have broad substrate utilization, high ethanol yield and productivity, tolerance to inhibitors present Fermentation An important factor preventing industrial utilization of lignocelluloses for bioethanol production is the lack of microorganisms able to efficiently ferment (with high yield and high rate) all sugars (both pentoses and hexoses) released during pretreatment and hydrolysis. microorganisms the yeast Sacchamyces cerevisiae the bacterium Zymomonas mobilis So far, the best results with respect to ethanol yield, final ethanol concentration and productivity were obtained with the native non-adapted ethanol yield 65% to 99%

13.  It would make use of the state of the art technology developed in collaboration with the Green Chemistry Centre for Excellence, York.  This Technology is innovative and ecofriendly.

14.  The biorefinery when fully operational would provide 100 direct employment and above 2000 indirect employment to the locals and foreigners.  Secondly, it would also lead to further economic expansion by increasing both Government and private investments through the infrastructural growth.

15.  This project when completed would produce enough clean fuel to save around 15 million gallons of gasoline annually. It would also reduce CO 2 emissions by at least 132000 metric tonnes per year. Additionally, the biorefinery aims at generating up to 20MW of electricity to power the plant and neighbouring communities

18.  Green Waste is Biotech’s New Black Gold  Biorefinery and biomass will play an increasingly crucial role as we move towards a biobased economy over the coming decades.