1. Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
Unit 1
Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

2. Unit 1 Goals 1.1 Distinguish between anatomy & physiology
1.2 Identify the directional terms and body planes
1.3 Describe the tasks required by humans to maintain life
1.4 Describe the organizational levels of the body from cells to the organism
1.5 Identify the major body cavities and the organs contained in each
1.6 Define homeostasis and describe its importance to survival
1.7 Differentiate between negative and positive feedback mechanisms and how they aid homeostasis
1.8 Describe the 3 rules of anatomy, to be applied to later units
1.9 Apply basic directional terminology to anatomy in writing and discussion

3. Anatomy and Physiology
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Anatomy and Physiology
ANATOMY deals with the structure (morphology) of the body and its parts, in other words, what are things called?
PHYSIOLOGY studies the functions of these parts or asks the question, “how do they work?”
The two disciplines are closely interrelated because the functional role of a part depends on how it is constructed.

4. Early healers relied on superstitions and magic.
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Introduction
The early students of anatomy and physiology were most likely concerned with treating illnesses and injuries.
Early healers relied on superstitions and magic.
Later, herbs were used to treat certain ailments.
Eventually, after much controversy, the study of medicine with standardized terms in Greek and Latin began.

5. Characteristics of Life
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Characteristics of Life
Fundamental characteristics of life are traits shared by all organisms.
Characteristics of life include:
1. Cellular Structure 6. Digestion
2. Growth & development 7. Absorption
3. Responsiveness 8. Excretion
4. Circulation Reproduction
5. Respiration Metabolism

6. Requirements of Organisms
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Requirements of Organisms
Life depends on the availability of the following:
a. Water
b. Food
c. Oxygen
d. Heat
e. Pressure
Both the quality and quantity of these factors are important.

7. STRUCTURE RELATES TO FUNCTION---ALWAYS!
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Rule #1 of Anatomy & Physiology:
STRUCTURE RELATES TO FUNCTION---ALWAYS!

8. THE BODY’S JOB IS TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS—ALWAYS!
Rule #2 of Anatomy & Physiology:
THE BODY’S JOB IS TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS—ALWAYS!

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Homeostasis
Maintenance of a stable internal environment is called HOMESTASIS.
Each individual uses homeostatic mechanisms to keep body levels within a normal range.
Homeostasis is regulated through control systems that have receptors for stimuli, a control center, and effectors that respond.

10. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
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NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
Most of the body's homeostatic controls are negative.
In negative feedback mechanisms, the response to the stimulus is to shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity keeping the variable within range.
Examples include: Homeostatic mechanisms that regulate body temperature in a manner similar to the functioning of a home heating thermostat

11. Positive Feedback Mechanisms
These are not as common as negative feedback mechanisms.
These mechanisms increase the original stimuli and push the variable farther from its original value.
Examples: blood clotting and child birth.

12. Rule #3 of Anatomy & Physiology:
EVERY ACTIVITY/ACTION THAT THE BODY PERFORMS OCCURS FIRST AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL!

13. Levels of Organization
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Levels of Organization

14. Organization of the Human Body
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Organization of the Human Body
The human body is organized into cavities, membranes, and organ systems.

15. Body Cavities

16. I. Smaller cavities within the cranium include
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a. The DORSAL cavity can be divided into the cranial cavity and vertebral canal.
I. Smaller cavities within the cranium include
the oral cavity, nasal cavity, orbital
cavities, and middle ear cavities.
b. The VENTRAL cavity is made up of a thoracic cavity and an abdominopelvic cavity, separated by the diaphragm.

17. Divisions of Ventral Cavities

18. Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes
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Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes
1. The thoracic cavity is lined with PLEURA; the parietal pleura lines the cavities while the visceral pleura covers the lungs. A thin layer of serous fluid separates the two layers.
2. PERITONEUM lines the abdominopelvic cavity; a parietal peritoneum lines the wall while visceral peritoneum covers the organs.

19. Organ Systems Body Covering
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Organ Systems
Body Covering
a. The integumentary system, including skin, hair, nails, and various glands, covers the body, senses changes outside the body, and helps regulate body temperature.

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Support and Movement
a. The skeletal system is made up of bones and ligaments. It supports, protects, provides frameworks, stores inorganic salts, and houses blood-forming tissues.
b. The muscular system consists of the muscles that provide body movement, posture, and body heat.

21. Integration and Coordination
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Integration and Coordination
a. The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs. It integrates incoming information from receptors and sends impulses to muscles and glands.
b. The endocrine system, including all of the glands that secrete hormones, helps to integrate metabolic functions.

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Transport
a. The cardiovascular system, made up of the heart and blood vessels, distributes oxygen and nutrients throughout the body while removing wastes from the cells.
b. The lymphatic system, consisting of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen, drains excess tissue fluid and includes cells of immunity.

23. Absorption and Excretion
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Absorption and Excretion
a. The digestive system is made up of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs. It receives, breaks down, and absorbs nutrients.
b. The respiratory system exchanges gases between the blood and air and is made up of the lungs and passageways.
c. The urinary system, consisting of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, removes wastes from the blood and helps to maintain water and electrolyte balance.

24. Reproduction a. The reproductive system produces new organisms.
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Reproduction
a. The reproductive system produces new organisms.
i. The male reproductive system consists of the testes, accessory organs, and vessels that conduct sperm to the penis.
ii. The female reproductive system consists of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia. The female reproductive system also houses the developing offspring.

25. Anatomical Terminology
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Anatomical Terminology
Terms of relative position are used to describe the location of a part relative to another part—ALWAYS ASSUMES BODY IS IN THE ANATOMICAL POSITION!
Anatomical Position:
Standing erect, faced forward
Arms at sides—palms forward

26. Anatomical Terms Superior/inferior Anterior/posterior Ventral/dorsal
Medial/lateral
Distal/proximal
Right/left
Deep/superficial
Caudal/cephalic

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Body Sections
1. A SAGITTAL section divides the body into right and left portions.
2. A TRANSVERSE section divides the body into superior and inferior portions. It is often
called a “cross section”.
3. A CORONAL section divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.

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