1. How much…?

2. Wallace and the ‘how much’ question
16/12/18
AIM – Learn how to apply what we know of Wallace’s role in Scottish resistance to place two source excerpts in their historical context.
SUCCESS CRITERIA –
Be able to describe the role of Wallace in Scottish resistance to Edward’s rule.
Be able to apply what we’ve learned and use it to answer the ‘how much?’ source contextualisation question.
TASKS
1. Copy today’s aim and heading into your jotter.
2. Recap the key points of Wallace’s resistance to Edward’s rule.
3. Go through today’s handout on how to apply what we know to answering a ‘how much?’ question. Your teacher will lead you through it from the Smartboard. If you have access to highlighters, use them to annotate as we go through today’s content.
HOMEWORK (due MONDAY 7TH JANUARY):
Complete the ‘how much’ question on Balliol using your notes from that section of the course, together with today’s instructions on how to answer a ‘how much…?’ type question.

3. Wallace’s role in resistance to Edward’s rule
So what do we now know how Wallace resisted English rule, from 1297 through to 1305?
I’ve forgotten everything! *gasp*
Make a (brief) mind map outlining what we have learned so far.
Our next step today is to learn how we can put this to use.

4. Source Contextualisation: ‘How much..?’
Source A is from G.W.S. Barrow, Kingship and unity, Scotland , (1981).
Tragically, Andrew Murray had been mortally wounded at Stirling Bridge and died in November However William Wallace and Murray and their infantry army’s startling defeat of the largely cavalry force brought against them by Surrey and Hugh de Cressingham at the bridge of Stirling on the 11th September 1297 led to the near collapse of English military control in Scotland. Wallace, the hero of the hour, whose victory had electrified Western Europe, was knighted and afterwards elected as guardian, still in the name of King John but also of the Community of the Realm. Scotland’s traditional leaders fought under Wallace’s military command and a few even escaped from English custody in Flanders in order to give him their support.
Source B is from Michael Brown, The Wars of Scotland, , (2004).
If the military results of Stirling Bridge were clear, its political consequences were less certain. Under the leadership of Wallace and Murray, the kingdom of Scotland had been recovered from the English by an army acting without the leadership of the Scottish nobles. Wallace certainly had support from nobles such as the Steward and Lennox, but it was not from all, and it was said that ‘by force Wallace brought all nobles under his influence whether they agreed with him or not’. However, tensions amongst the Scottish leadership remained. When a new bishop of St. Andrews, William Lamberton was appointed by Wallace following the death of Bishop Fraser, old suspicions flared up. Fraser’s death and Lamberton’s appointment deprived the Comyns of a powerful ally and heightened their mistrust of Wallace.
Q1. How much do Sources A and B reveal about the differing interpretations of the role of William Wallace during Scottish resistance’? 10 marks

5. SOURCE CONTEXTUALISATION: APPROACH
‘How much do sources…?’
This will be worth 10 marks.
Candidates must interpret the view of each source and use recalled knowledge to assess what the sources reveal about differing interpretations of an historical issue.
Up to 6 marks are available (3 marks per source) for interpreting the viewpoints of the sources. This includes up to 2 marks available for interpreting the overall viewpoint of each source,
Up to 6 marks are available for developing points from either source with relevant recall / providing relevant recall that is related to the question to set the sources within their historical context.

6. Specimen answer (10 marks)
Read the question, then the source.
Using the words of the question, start your answer by making your judgement on the source, e.g. ‘Source A partly reveals the differing interpretations of William Wallace’s role in the Scottish resistance to Edward’s rule…’
Then write what the first source’s overall viewpoint may be on the matter concerned by the question.
Make THREE points from the first source. For each one, either paraphrase or quote the source and then explain the significance of your point, relating it back to the question.
Repeat these steps for the second source. You should draw SIX points from the sources overall, but it doesn’t matter how these are divided up - it could be 3+3 or 4+2.
Then include up to SIX points of relevant recall on the overall matter featured in the question. Be careful to explain the significance of each point and then relate it back to the question.
Best practice is to take a new paragraph for each point you make.

7. Finding 3 relevant points from source A:
Source A is from G.W.S. Barrow, Kingship and unity, Scotland , (1981).
Tragically, Andrew Murray had been mortally wounded at Stirling Bridge and died in November However William Wallace and Murray and their infantry army’s startling defeat of the largely cavalry force brought against them by Surrey and Hugh de Cressingham at the bridge of Stirling on the 11th September 1297 led to the near collapse of English military control in Scotland. Wallace, the hero of the hour, whose victory had electrified Western Europe, was knighted and afterwards elected as guardian, still in the name of King John but also of the Community of the Realm. Scotland’s traditional leaders fought under Wallace’s military command and a few even escaped from English custody in Flanders in order to give him their support.
Q1. How much do Sources A and B reveal about the differing interpretations of the role of William Wallace during Scottish resistance’? 10 marks
Task: highlight or underline THREE pieces of evidence in the source which relate to the question.

8. Finding 3 relevant points from source A:
Source A is from G.W.S. Barrow, Kingship and unity, Scotland , (1981).
Tragically, Andrew Murray had been mortally wounded at Stirling Bridge and died in November However William Wallace and Murray and their infantry army’s startling defeat of the largely cavalry force brought against them by Surrey and Hugh de Cressingham at the bridge of Stirling on the 11th September 1297 led to the near collapse of English military control in Scotland. Wallace, the hero of the hour, whose victory had electrified Western Europe, was knighted and afterwards elected as guardian, still in the name of King John but also of the Community of the Realm. Scotland’s traditional leaders fought under Wallace’s military command and a few even escaped from English custody in Flanders in order to give him their support.
Q1. How much do Sources A and B reveal about the differing interpretations of the role of William Wallace during Scottish resistance’? 10 marks
Task: highlight or underline THREE pieces of evidence in the source which relate to the question.

9. Finding 3 relevant points from source A:
Source A is from G.W.S. Barrow, Kingship and unity, Scotland , (1981).
Tragically, Andrew Murray had been mortally wounded at Stirling Bridge and died in November However William Wallace and Murray and their infantry army’s startling defeat of the largely cavalry force brought against them by Surrey and Hugh de Cressingham at the bridge of Stirling on the 11th September 1297 led to the near collapse of English military control in Scotland. Wallace, the hero of the hour, whose victory had electrified Western Europe, was knighted and afterwards elected as guardian, still in the name of King John but also of the Community of the Realm. Scotland’s traditional leaders fought under Wallace’s military command and a few even escaped from English custody in Flanders in order to give him their support.
Q1. How much do Sources A and B reveal about the differing interpretations of the role of William Wallace during Scottish resistance’? 10 marks
Task: highlight or underline THREE pieces of evidence in the source which relate to the question.

10. Finding 3 relevant points from source A:
Source A is from G.W.S. Barrow, Kingship and unity, Scotland , (1981).
Tragically, Andrew Murray had been mortally wounded at Stirling Bridge and died in November However William Wallace and Murray and their infantry army’s startling defeat of the largely cavalry force brought against them by Surrey and Hugh de Cressingham at the bridge of Stirling on the 11th September 1297 led to the near collapse of English military control in Scotland. Wallace, the hero of the hour, whose victory had electrified Western Europe, was knighted and afterwards elected as guardian, still in the name of King John but also of the Community of the Realm. Scotland’s traditional leaders fought under Wallace’s military command and a few even escaped from English custody in Flanders in order to give him their support.
Q1. How much do Sources A and B reveal about the differing interpretations of the role of William Wallace during Scottish resistance’? 10 marks
Task: highlight or underline THREE pieces of evidence in the source which relate to the question.

11. Use this to build Specimen answer…
Source A partly describes some of the differing interpretations of the role of William Wallace during Scottish resistance. (Judgement made). Overall, source A’s view is that Wallace’s military leadership at the battle of Stirling Bridge made a positive contribution to Scottish resistance to Edward I and gained him the support of Scotland’s traditional leaders. (1 mark for overall viewpoint on Source A) The source tells us that ‘William Wallace and Murray and their infantry army’s startling defeat of the largely cavalry force brought against them by Surrey and Hugh de Cressingham at the bridge of Stirling on the 11th September 1297 led to the near collapse of English military control in Scotland’. This shows us one of Wallace’s key roles during resistance – as a successful war leader. Despite overwhelming odds at the Battle of Stirling bridge, Wallace (and Murray) defeated a superior English army, resulting in Edward losing almost all he had gained from his invasion of Scotland in (1st mark for source content)
Key:
Point from source link back to question explanation of relevance/meaning

12. Source A also tells us that the ‘Wallace, the hero of the hour, whose victory had electrified Western Europe, was knighted and afterwards elected as guardian, still in the name of King John but also of the Community of the Realm’ This shows us another of Wallace’s key roles in Scottish resistance. Due to the untimely death of Murray, Wallace assumed the responsibility of being sole Guardian, leading Scotland in the name of the imprisoned King John after his victory over the English at Stirling Bridge. (2nd mark for source content) Source A also tells us that the ‘Scotland’s traditional leaders fought under Wallace’s military command’. This shows us another of Wallace’s key roles in Scottish resistance. Most of Scotland’s leaders – except perhaps the Bruces – joined Wallace and followed his lead during the early years of his resistance to Edward. (3rd mark for source content)
Key:
Point from source link back to question explanation of relevance/meaning

13. Next, find 3 relevant points from source B:
Source B is from Michael Brown, The Wars of Scotland, , (2004).
If the military results of Stirling Bridge were clear, its political consequences were less certain. Under the leadership of Wallace and Murray, the kingdom of Scotland had been recovered from the English by an army acting without the leadership of the Scottish nobles. Wallace certainly had support from nobles such as the Steward and Lennox, but it was not from all, and it was said that ‘by force Wallace brought all nobles under his influence whether they agreed with him or not’. However, tensions amongst the Scottish leadership remained. When a new bishop of St. Andrews, William Lamberton was appointed by Wallace following the death of Bishop Fraser, old suspicions flared up. Fraser’s death and Lamberton’s appointment deprived the Comyns of a powerful ally and heightened their mistrust of Wallace.
Q1. How much do Sources A and B reveal about the differing interpretations of the role of William Wallace during Scottish resistance’? 10 marks
Next task: highlight or underline THREE pieces of evidence in source B which relate to the question.

14. Next, find 3 relevant points from source B:
Source B is from Michael Brown, The Wars of Scotland, , (2004).
If the military results of Stirling Bridge were clear, its political consequences were less certain. Under the leadership of Wallace and Murray, the kingdom of Scotland had been recovered from the English by an army acting without the leadership of the Scottish nobles. Wallace certainly had support from nobles such as the Steward and Lennox, but it was not from all, and it was said that ‘by force Wallace brought all nobles under his influence whether they agreed with him or not’. However, tensions amongst the Scottish leadership remained. When a new bishop of St. Andrews, William Lamberton was appointed by Wallace following the death of Bishop Fraser, old suspicions flared up. Fraser’s death and Lamberton’s appointment deprived the Comyns of a powerful ally and heightened their mistrust of Wallace.
Q1. How much do Sources A and B reveal about the differing interpretations of the role of William Wallace during Scottish resistance’? 10 marks
Next task: highlight or underline THREE pieces of evidence in source B which relate to the question.

15. Next, find 3 relevant points from source B:
Source B is from Michael Brown, The Wars of Scotland, , (2004).
If the military results of Stirling Bridge were clear, its political consequences were less certain. Under the leadership of Wallace and Murray, the kingdom of Scotland had been recovered from the English by an army acting without the leadership of the Scottish nobles. Wallace certainly had support from nobles such as the Steward and Lennox, but it was not from all, and it was said that ‘by force Wallace brought all nobles under his influence whether they agreed with him or not’. However, tensions amongst the Scottish leadership remained. When a new bishop of St. Andrews, William Lamberton was appointed by Wallace following the death of Bishop Fraser, old suspicions flared up. Fraser’s death and Lamberton’s appointment deprived the Comyns of a powerful ally and heightened their mistrust of Wallace.
Q1. How much do Sources A and B reveal about the differing interpretations of the role of William Wallace during Scottish resistance’? 10 marks
Next task: highlight or underline THREE pieces of evidence in source B which relate to the question.

16. Next, find 3 relevant points from source B:
Source B is from Michael Brown, The Wars of Scotland, , (2004).
If the military results of Stirling Bridge were clear, its political consequences were less certain. Under the leadership of Wallace and Murray, the kingdom of Scotland had been recovered from the English by an army acting without the leadership of the Scottish nobles. Wallace certainly had support from nobles such as the Steward and Lennox, but it was not from all, and it was said that ‘by force Wallace brought all nobles under his influence whether they agreed with him or not’. However, tensions amongst the Scottish leadership remained. When a new bishop of St. Andrews, William Lamberton was appointed by Wallace following the death of Bishop Fraser, old suspicions flared up. Fraser’s death and Lamberton’s appointment deprived the Comyns of a powerful ally and heightened their mistrust of Wallace.
Q1. How much do Sources A and B reveal about the differing interpretations of the role of William Wallace during Scottish resistance’? 10 marks
Next task: highlight or underline THREE pieces of evidence in source B which relate to the question.

17. Use this to continue the specimen answer…
Source B partly describes some of the differing interpretations of the role of William Wallace during Scottish resistance. (Judgement made). Overall, source B’s view is that Wallace’s role during Scottish resistance was hindered by divisions among the nobility and some reluctance to accept Wallace’s leadership. (1 mark for overall viewpoint on Source B) The source tells us that ‘under the leadership of Wallace and Murray, the kingdom of Scotland had been recovered from the English by an army acting without the leadership of the Scottish nobles’. This shows us one of Wallace’s key roles during resistance – that he became the leader of Scotland’s army. The Scottish nobles, the traditional leaders of the political community in Scotland, did not provide military leadership at the battle of Stirling Bridge. (4th mark for source content)
Key:
Point from source link back to question explanation of relevance/meaning

18. Source B also tells us that the Wallace certainly had support from nobles such as the Steward and Lennox, but it was not from all, and it was said that ‘by force Wallace brought all nobles under his influence whether they agreed with him or not’. This shows us that Wallace was the leader of Scottish resistance, but it was not with the agreement of all. Wallace had some support amongst the nobility but was forced to apply pressure through his sheer will to gain support from all of Scotland’s leaders. (5th mark for source content) Source B also tells us that the when a new bishop of St. Andrews, William Lamberton was appointed by Wallace following the death of Bishop Fraser, old suspicions flared up. Fraser’s death and Lamberton’s appointment deprived the Comyns of a powerful ally and heightened their mistrust of Wallace. This shows us another aspect of Wallace’s role in Scottish resistance. Wallace was unable to gain the support of all nobles in Scotland. Divisions remained from the succession problems, which weakened Wallace’s position. (6th mark for source content)
Key:
Point from source link back to question explanation of relevance/meaning

19. However the source fails to reveal important points about the differing interpretations of the role of William Wallace during Scottish resistance. (Judgement made again…) The sources fails to tell us that Wallace was one of the first to rebel against English rule in south-west Scotland. This was a key part to his role in leading Scottish resistance as his actions encouraged others to rise up against the English, beginning the rebellion. Common folk joined his warband whilst Bruce and the Steward took his lead and began to gather an army of the nobles at Irvine. (1st mark for ‘recall’) The sources fails to tell us that Wallace, accompanied by the Black Douglas, led an attack on Scone and attempted to kill the English sheriff, William Ormesby. This was a key part to his role in leading Scottish resistance as Ormesby was one of the main officials running the kingdom for the English. Sending him fleeing allowed Wallace to begin taking control of Perthshire and attracted even more rebel supporters to his cause. (2nd mark for ‘recall’)
Key:
Point from source link back to question explanation of relevance/meaning

20. The sources fails to tell us that Wallace issued the Lubeck letter as part of his political diplomacy. This was a key part to his role in leading Scottish resistance as after his victory at Stirling Bridge, he sought to reopen trade links with the Hanseatic league. This would have brought weapons and armour into Scotland to equip his army in preparation for Edward’s return. (3rd mark for ‘recall’) The sources fails to tell us that Wallace captured garrisons across central and southern Scotland after Stirling Bridge. This was a key part to his role in leading Scottish resistance as he removed English garrisons from almost every stronghold in Scotland, reversing Edward’s gains from his invasion of (4th mark for ‘recall’)
Key:
Point from source link back to question explanation of relevance/meaning

21. The sources fails to tell us that Wallace led an attack into northern England, taking plunder and extorting money from the English. This was a key part to his role in leading Scottish resistance as Wallace’s invasion gathered money and resources needed to pay for the defence of Scotland when Edward’s next invasion arrived. (5th mark for ‘recall’) The sources fails to tell us that Wallace continued to play a part in Scottish resistance after his defeat at Falkirk in 1298, but ended his period as Guardian. This was a key part to interpreting his role in Scottish resistance as although no longer in power and leading the kingdom’s resistance, he still contributed to the cause by travelling to Europe to plead for support from the Pope and the King of France for assistance against Edward. (6th mark for ‘recall’)
Key:
Point from source link back to question explanation of relevance/meaning

22. Specimen answer checklist:
Judgement made (allows us to get a passing mark for the question).
Overall judgement on source A = 1 mark
Source points from source A = 3 marks
Overall judgement on source B = 1 mark
Source points from source B = 3 marks
Source marks = 6/6 (8 marks’ worth given!)
Recall points = 6 marks’ worth given.
Overall there is enough in this answer to earn 14 marks.
Remember however, in the prelim / exam we only need to write enough to earn 10 marks. How you split this up is down to you, but there must be enough given to earn the full 10 marks available. Be careful not to sell yourself short!

23. Source Contextualisation: ‘How much..?’
Source A is from Michael Prestwich, Edward I, (1988).
Once judgement was pronounced in favour of John Balliol, the kingdom was handed over to its new ruler. The judgement was immediately followed by a warning that if Balliol did not govern justly, Edward would have to intervene as the right of ‘overlordship’ was his. When Balliol was crowned at Scone, the ceremony was performed by Anthony Bek and John de St. John, the latter was deputising for the infant earl of Fife, whose task this was, but the fact that two English nobles played such a role emphasised the new subjugation of the Scottish king to Edward. If there were any doubts about Balliol’s position, they must have been largely resolved on the 26th December, when the new king did homage to Edward I. The English king did not live in an age when a man could be content with a mere recognition of his authority: he had to exercise his rights in order to establish them.
Source B is from Fiona Watson, Under the Hammer: Edward I and Scotland, , (1998).
Historians have been aware for some time that Balliol’s reputation as king resulted in part from the difficult circumstances of his reign, but more particularly from the effect on that reputation of the propaganda of Robert Bruce, and the subsequent pro-Bruce writers. Nevertheless, the general impression of the unfortunate John remains that of Toom Tabard, the spineless monarch who did little to save his kingdom from Edward I. The reality of Balliol’s reign is rather more successful than will fit at all comfortably with the ‘weak and incompetent’ stamp usually placed on it. At home, John’s style of kingship was fairly indistinguishable from that of other previous Scottish kings. However, it would be foolish to ignore the fact that Balliol’s reign was overshadowed by English influence from the start. The new chancellor was to be an Englishman, and the king’s chamberlain, was described as treasurer, thus following English practice. Then at the beginning of January 1293, King John was forced to release Edward from any possible implications of the Treaty of Birgham.
Q1. How much do Sources A and B reveal about the differing interpretations of Balliol’s rule? marks