1. GASTRITIS
By : BILAL HUSSEIN

2. Objectives Definition Causes Types Pathophysiology Classification
Symptoms
diagnosis
deferential diagnosis
Treatment
Complication

3. Definition
Inflammation associated mucosal injury.
The stomach lining contains glands that produce stomach acid and an enzyme called pepsin. The stomach acid breaks down food and pepsin digests protein. A thick layer of mucus coats the stomach lining and helps prevent the acidic digestive juice from dissolving the stomach tissue. When the stomach lining is inflamed, it produces less acid and fewer enzymes. 

4. causes

5. Gastritis can be caused by irritation due to excessive alcohol use, chronic vomiting, stress, or the use of certain medications such as aspirin or other anti-inflammatory drugs. It may also be caused by any of the following:
Helicobacter pylori : A bacteria that lives in the mucous lining of the stomach; without treatment, the infection can lead to ulcers, and in some people, stomach cancer.
Bile reflux: A backflow of bile into the stomach from the bile tract (that connects to the liver and gallbladder)
Infections caused by bacteria and viruses such as CMV .

6. Types Type A gastritis . Type B gastritis . Reflux gastritis .
Erosive gastritis.
Stress gastritis .
Lymphocytic gastritis .

7. Pathophysiology

8. The pathophysiology of the disease depend on its cause and type
The pathophysiology of the disease depend on its cause and type . Type A gastritis: autoimmune condition in which there is circulating antibodies to the parietal cell (this result in atrophy of parietal cells which leads to hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria . Type B gastritis : associated with h.pylori infection and it may cause pangasrtitis . Reflux gastritis : common after gastric surgery or due to failure of pylorus . Bile and pancreatic juice may reflux into the stomach and irritate the mucosal layer. Erosive gastritis : due to use of NSAIDs which lead to reduce in cytoprotective prostaglandin

9. Stress gastritis : follows serious illness or injury , characterized by decrease mucosal blood flow .
Lymphocytic gastritis : infiltration of gastric mucosa with t lymphocytes usually associated with h.pylori infection .

10. Classification

11. Acute gastritis is a sudden inflammation or swelling in the lining of the stomach. It can cause severe and nagging pain. the pain is temporary and usually lasts for short bursts at a time.
 chronic gastritis occurs over a long period of time, it gradually wears away at the stomach lining. And it can cause metaplasia or dysplasia. These are precancerous changes in the cells that can lead to cancer if untreated.
Chronic gastritis usually gets better with treatment, but may need ongoing monitoring.

13. Diagnosis

14. Blood tests: The doctor may perform various blood tests, such as checking red blood cell count to determine whether you have anemia, And also screen for H. pylori infection.
Upper endoscopy: a thin tube containing a tiny camera, is inserted into your stomach to look at the stomach lining. The doctor will check for inflammation and may perform a biopsy, a procedure in which a tiny sample of tissue is removed and then sent to a laboratory for analysis.
Fecal occult blood test (stool test) :This test checks for the presence of blood in the stool, a possible sign of gastritis.

15. Deferential diagnosis

16. Treatment

17. Taking antacids and other drugs (such as proton pump inhibitors or H-2 blockers) to reduce stomach acid.
Avoiding hot and spicy foods
For gastritis caused by H. pylori infection, a regimen of  antibiotics (clarithromycin) plus an acid blocking drug (used for heartburn).
If the gastritis is caused by pernicious anemia, B12 vitamin shots will be given.
Eliminating irritating foods from your diet such as lactose from dairy or gluten from wheat

18. Complications
Anemia: Erosive gastritis can cause chronic bleeding which, in turn, can lead to anemia
Atrophic gastritis: Chronic inflammation in the stomach can cause the loss of both the stomach lining and glands
Peptic ulcers: Ulcers can form in the lining of the stomach and duodenum
Growths in the stomach lining: The risk of both benign and malignant growths increases in people with gastritis. If Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria cause gastritis, they also increase the risk of a specific form of cancer known as gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma.

19. References

20. Thank you