2. Reproduction and Parenting
Chapter 9
Reproduction and Parenting

3. Topics to Cover To parent or not to parent
Historical trends in parenting
Reproduction and birth
Infertility and innovative ways to become a parent
Parenting infants and children
The many faces of parenthood
Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

4. Overview: To parent or not to parent
Identify the reasons why people choose to parent or not to parent.
Overview: To parent or not to parent
Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

5. Overview of Singlehood
Overview: To Parent or not to Parent
Overview of Singlehood
More people choosing not to have children
Childless versus childfree
No children: higher levels of marital satisfaction and happiness
Still, 90% of Americans will procreate
Family planning
Decision to remain childfree determined by access to contraceptives
Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

6. Historical trends in parenting
Describe key ways that parenting and views of parenting have changed throughout history.
Historical trends in parenting
Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

7. Historical Trends in Parenting
Parents today spend more time and money than ever before
Children fill emotional, not utilitarian needs
Historically, women expected to bear children
Does maternal instinct exist?
Leta Hollingworth
Social devices make women want to have children
Childbirth
High maternal death rate
Older women, extended clan, midwives, and doulas
The rise of hospitals and antiseptics
Men fought to be part of the experience
Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

8. Historical Views of Childhood
Historical trends in parenting
Historical Views of Childhood
Before 16th century no such thing as childhood
Colonial Puritans: children born evil
Families produced children to help survival
Children sent to work
Orphanages, work houses, and reform schools
Foster and adoptive homes increased after WWII
Impact of industrialization
Motherhood:
Maternity not the same as mothering
Fatherhood:
Many adults involved in raising a child
Parenting manuals written for fathers!
Children needed to learn skills
Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

9. Divorce Families in History
Historical trends in parenting
Divorce Families in History
Historical documents written from a Eurocentric perspective
Slave families viewed as “breeding stock”
Rape and infanticide
Chinese immigrants and “paper sons”
Indigenous Mexicans
Large, extended families, traditional gender roles
Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

10. Reproduction and birth
Explain some of the main processes involved in prenatal development and birth. Discuss challenges individuals may face during the transition to parenthood.
Reproduction and birth
Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

11. Reproductive Processes
Reproduction and birth
Reproductive Processes
Egg and sperm
The egg and prenatal environment
Teratogens
Sperm and the role of the father
Father’s exposure to toxins, health, and diet
The role of genes after fertilization
HOX genes
Genes combine in complex and unique ways
Physiological, emotional, and cultural environment
Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

12. Reproduction and birth
Prenatal Development
After fertilization, the zygote travels down the fallopian tube and attaches to the placenta to form a blastocyst
Two weeks postfertilization: embryonic stage
Critical period for teratogens
Fetal stage: 8–9 weeks postfertilization
Refinement of structures, proliferation of neural development
Couvade syndrome
Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

13. Giving Birth Historically, most babies born “naturally”
Reproduction and birth
Giving Birth
Historically, most babies born “naturally”
In the West, birth had become medicalized
Episiotomy
Cesarean section
Anesthesia and birth hormone oxytocin
Natural birth
Natural prepared
Lamaze: natural preparedness techniques, visualization, and supportive birth partner
Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

14. Transition to Parenthood
Reproduction and birth
Transition to Parenthood
New parents: deliriously blissful or deliriously tired?
Relationship satisfaction 6 conflict and hostility 5
Frequency of sex 6 and passion remains low
Parents can feel lonely and overwhelmed
Work and home reversals
Dealing with stress:
Parent support group and classes
Prepare for life with child, not just childbirth
Learn what is normal
Baby blues and postpartum depression
Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

15. Infertility and innovative ways to become a parent
Explain some causes of infertility and the strategies people use to become parents.
Infertility and innovative ways to become a parent
Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

16. Infertility and Innovation
Infertility and innovative ways to become a parent
Infertility and Innovation
Great source of anxiety and depression
Health problems and unhealthy lifestyle related to fertility problems
Assisted reproductive technologies
Artificial insemination
In vitro fertilization
Microsort sperm sorting
Reproductive surrogacy
Adoption
Kinship care
Private adoption
Public adoption
International adoption
Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

17. Parenting infants and children
Identify the basic needs of all children around the world, and which parenting styles are related to meeting or not meeting those needs.
Parenting infants and children
Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

18. Children’s Development
Parenting infants and children
Children’s Development
Infant brains and the environment
Neural plasticity
Secure environments and the developing brain
Breastfeeding
Overstimulation
Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

19. Parenting Styles Children need secure base and strong attachments
Parenting infants and children
Parenting Styles
Children need secure base and strong attachments
Affected by the environment
Influence of internal working models
Socialization goals
Socioeconomic influences
Concerted cultivation versus accomplishment of natural growth
Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

20. Baumrind’s Parenting Styles
Parenting infants and children
Baumrind’s Parenting Styles
Authoritative
Authoritarian
Permissive/indulgent
Neglectful
Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

21. The many faces of parenthood
Identify some key challenges that all parents face and outline some of the main differences experienced by diverse types of parents.
The many faces of parenthood
Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

22. Fathering Traditional patriarchal values versus feminist values
The many faces of parenthood
Fathering
Traditional patriarchal values versus feminist values
Mixed messages from partners
Benefits of intimate care of infants
Unique contributions
Intimate versus aloof fathers
Calm, peaceful, and believe in gender equality
Follow traditional male gender identities
Good provider role
Fathering with fewer resources
Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

23. Single Parents Becoming more common Negative outcomes for children?
The many faces of parenthood
Single Parents
Becoming more common
Negative outcomes for children?
Look at process not structure
Cohort effects
Current research findings
Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

24. Diverse Parents African American parents
The many faces of parenthood
Diverse Parents
African American parents
Shifting the center and the feminist perspective
Transnational and Latino parents
Mothers leave to find work and support children
Children as cultural brokers or gate keepers
Native American parents
The effects of cultural genocide on parenting
Asian American parents
Strict social hierarchy, family loyalty, and moral obligations
Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

25. Diverse Parents Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender parents
The many faces of parenthood
Diverse Parents
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender parents
“Chosen family” network
Many children born from heterosexual unions
Same-sex stepparents lack rights
Gay fathers: doubly marginalized
Children just as well off or better
Grandparents as parents
Children as primary caregivers
Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

26. Community Development and the Macrosystem
The many faces of parenthood
Community Development and the Macrosystem
Ensure that all children have their basic needs and human rights met
Government, nonprofit, social welfare, religious, economic, and employment agencies band together
Great cost, but greater costs if we do not choose to protect children
Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

27. Chapter Summary
Identify the reasons why people choose to parent or not to parent.
Describe key ways that parenting and views of parenting have changed throughout history.
Explain some of the main processes involved in prenatal development and birth.
Discuss challenges individuals may face during the transition to parenthood.
Explain some causes of infertility and the strategies people use to become parents.
Identify the basic needs of all children around the world, and which parenting styles are related to meeting or not meeting those needs.
Identify some key challenges that all parents face and outline some of the main differences experienced by diverse types of parents.
Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.

28. Open-access student resources
Mobile-friendly quizzes
Mobile-friendly eFlashcards
Learning objective summaries
Video and multimedia resources
SAGE journal articles
Checklist action plan
edge.sagepub.com/howem&f2e
Howe, Marriages & Families in the 21st Century 2e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.