1. Rocks

2. Rocks Naturally occurring Solid mixture
Made of minerals, smaller rock fragments, organic matter, or glass

3. Rocks Grains Individual particles in rocks Texture
Refers to grain size and how the grains are arranged

4. Rocks Igneous Rocks 1. Formation
As magma or lava cools, mineral crystals form
*Magma=molten rock inside earth
*Lava=molten rock that erupts onto the surface

5. Rocks Igneous Rocks 2. Classification
Igneous rocks are classified by texture

6. Rocks Extrusive Rocks Fine-grained Small crystals
Formed from lava at the surface
Cools quickly so crystals do not have time to increase in size

8. Rocks Intrusive Rocks Coarse-grained Large crystals
Formed from magma below the surface
Cools slowly so crystals have time to increase in size

11. Intrusive Extrusive Rocks INSIDE the Earth Rocks OUTSIDE the Earth
Formed from magma
Formed from lava
Usually dark colored
Usually light colored
Usually dense
Usually low density
Mafic: magnesium and iron
Felsic: feldspar
Cools slowly
Cools quickly
Large grains
Small or no grains (fine or glassy)

12. Rocks Igneous Rocks 3. Composition Minerals each rock contains
Often visible by color

13. Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
1. Formation
When parent rocks are heated, squeezed (pressure), or exposed to hot fluids (magma/lava)
Rocks don’t melt but texture and composition can be changed

14. Rocks 2. Classification Foliated
Metamorphic Rocks
2. Classification
Foliated
Distinct bands of light and dark minerals
Results when uneven pressures cause flat minerals to line up
Gives rock layered appearance

15. Rocks 2. Classification Nonfoliated Crystals become boxlike or square
Metamorphic Rocks
2. Classification
Nonfoliated
Crystals become boxlike or square
Not flattened

16. Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks

17. Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Sediments Lithification
Rock and mineral fragments that are loose and are suspended in water
Lithification
The process by which sediment turns into rock

18. Rocks Sedimentary Rocks 1. Formation Sediment formed by weathering
Moved by water, ice and wind
Deposited in low areas
Layers build up
Dissolved minerals cement grains together
Sedimentation
Deposition
Compaction
Cementation

19. Rocks 2. Classification Texture (size of grains)
Sedimentary Rocks
2. Classification
Texture
Fine or coarse grained
(size of grains)
Rounded or angular grains (shape of grains)

20. Rocks 3. Composition Depends on minerals in the sediment
Sedimentary Rocks
3. Composition
Depends on minerals in the sediment

21. Sedimentary Rock Mini Lab
Draw a 3 column chart. Column 1 can be small.
List each rock number in column 1 on a chart. In column 2, describe each rock (2-3 bullet points). Describe texture (grain size and shape) as well as color.
Gently scratch and #29 with the nail over black paper. What do you observe? Why does this happen?
In column 3, explain why you think this rock is sedimentary. Use the characteristics of sedimentary rocks in your explanation.

23. Processes that change one rock type to another
Rocks
The Rock Cycle
Processes that change one rock type to another

24. Rocks The Rock Cycle Cooling and Crystallization Uplift
Weathering and Erosion
Deposition
Compaction and Cementation
Temperature and Pressure
Plate Tectonics

25. Rocks Cooling and Crystallization
The Rock Cycle
Cooling and Crystallization
Extrusive: when lava erupts, cools, and crystallizes on the surface
Intrusive: when magma cools and crystallizes inside earth

26. Rocks Uplift Moving large amounts of rock up to earth’s surface
The Rock Cycle
Uplift
Moving large amounts of rock up to earth’s surface

27. Rocks Weathering and Erosion
The Rock Cycle
Weathering and Erosion
Glaciers, wind, rain break down rock and carries it to low areas

28. Rocks Deposition Laying of down sediment in a new location
The Rock Cycle
Deposition
Laying of down sediment in a new location
Forms layers of sediment

29. Rocks Compaction and Cementation
The Rock Cycle
Compaction and Cementation
Weight of layers compacts or pushes grains closer
As they crystallize, layers cement

30. Rocks Temperature (Heat) and Pressure
The Rock Cycle
Temperature (Heat) and Pressure
As temperature and pressure increase, rocks go through metamorphism

31. Rocks
The Rock Cycle
Plate Tectonics
Processes that move tectonic plates also drive the rock cycle
Main force = convection currents in the mantle