1. Respiratory Problems
Section 10.4 and 10.5

2. Respiratory Problems
Learning Goal: To explore respiratory problems and new technologies that treat these disorders.
Success Criteria:
I know I am succeeding when I can…
describe how asthma, COPD, infectious diseases, cystic fibrosis, and cigarette smoking affect ventilation and gas exchange
describe how new techniques such as FLAP inhibitors, bronchial thermoplasty, artificial external lungs and lung transplant have improved the quality of life for people with respiratory disorders

3. Effects of Smoking on Gas Exchange

4. Effects of Smoking on Gas Exchange Cont’d…
smoking is the single greatest cause of respiratory diseases and preventable deaths in the developed world
smoking is known to cause lung cancer, COPD, bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma
3 substances in cigarette smoke cause most of the problems for the respiratory system and the body in general: nicotine, carbon monoxide, and tar

5. Nicotine
nicotine is a natural insecticide produced by tobacco plants to kill insect pests
stimulates the reward pathways in the brain to produce dopamine and endorphins
effect of nicotine lasts only about 40 min, and the need for further positive feelings leads to addiction

6. Carbon Monoxide
carbon monoxide from tobacco smoke affects the ability of the respiratory system to deliver oxygen to the body cells
if CO diffuses into blood Hemoglobin has a much greater tendency to bond with carbon monoxide than it does with oxygen and the bond is 200 times stronger

7. Tar
tar is a black, sticky substance made up of hundreds of different chemicals, many of which are toxic and some of which are carcinogenic
irritates the linings of the airways, causing swelling and increased mucus production
accumulates in the alveoli, effectively preventing any exchange of gases
causes the cilia on the cells lining the bronchi to become inactive
can trigger asthma attacks and lead to emphysema

8. Carcinogens
cigarette smoke also contains many toxic and likely carcinogenic substances, notably formaldehyde, benzene, and hydrogen cyanide
Hemoglobin increases the blood’s capacity to carry oxygen by nearly 70 times!
Blue Blood
Deoxygenated blood in veins is dark red but it appears blue. This is because only the higher-energy blue wavelengths of the visible spectrum can penetrate through the skin and fat covering the vein. The other lower-energy wavelengths are absorbed. The reflection of the blue wavelengths gives veins their characteristic blue colour.

9. Carcinogens Cont’d…
the carcinogenic chemicals can cause mutations in the genetic material that controls the growth of cells
cancer results when the damaged cells grow and reproduce too quickly, and form a tumour
cancer cells replace normal cells or interfere with the blood flow to the tissues
reduces the area of the respiratory membrane available for gasexchange
Hemoglobin increases the blood’s capacity to carry oxygen by nearly 70 times!
Blue Blood
Deoxygenated blood in veins is dark red but it appears blue. This is because only the higher-energy blue wavelengths of the visible spectrum can penetrate through the skin and fat covering the vein. The other lower-energy wavelengths are absorbed. The reflection of the blue wavelengths gives veins their characteristic blue colour.

10. Respiratory Problems
Learning Goal: To explore respiratory problems and new technologies that treat these disorders.
Success Criteria:
I know I am succeeding when I can…
describe how asthma, COPD, infectious diseases, cystic fibrosis, and cigarette smoking affect ventilation and gas exchange
describe how new techniques such as FLAP inhibitors, bronchial thermoplasty, artificial external lungs and lung transplant have improved the quality of life for people with respiratory disorders