1. Scientific Revolution
Does the Sun revolve around the Earth?
Does the Earth move?
Is the sun the center of the universe?
Questions debated by thinkers far more brilliant than myself.
Let’s take a closer look!

2. Geocentric Or Heliocentric??
Ptolemy vs Copernicus

3. Copernicus
University of Krakow, Poland—his career begins
He believes…
The earth is round
Rotates on its axis
Revolves around the sun
The sun is the center of the universe
De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543-heliocentric model)

4. Tycho Brahe Danish Astronomer 1546-1601
Did not embrace Copernicus’s view of the universe
Advocated an earth centered system (Mercury and Venus revolve around the sun, but the moon, the sun and other planets revolve around the earth)
De nova stella 1573
Created more extensive scientific instruments
Successors would use them to construct new astronomical data
Questionable death…let’s read more

5. Kepler German astronomer & mathematician (1571-1630)
A Protestant—not subject to Catholic belief
Planets travel in oval paths—ellipses (1609)
Astronomia nova
Based on his 10 year investigation of mars
Planets do not travel at the same speed
Move faster as they approach the sun and slower as they move away from it
Kepler

6. Bacon 1561-1626 English Philosopher
Credited for formulating the scientific method (1620)
Induction
Experimentation
Interpretation of data
A scientific truth is not assumed—it is deduced from observations and a series of experiments--Empiricism

7. Bacon & Empiricism Father of Empiricism—
The use of experiment and observation derived from sensory evidence to construct scientific theory or philosophy of knowledge
Novum Organum (1620)—attacks scholastic thinkers (reduction and inductive reason)
Human knowledge should produce useful results—deeds rather than words

8. Galileo 1564-1642 Italian mathematician Built his own telescope
The Starry Messenger 1610
Discovered moons circling a planet
Agreed with Copernicus Heliocentric model
Published his ideas in 1632
Pope Urban VIII demanded him to stand trial and recant his theories
Helped establish the universal laws of physics
Law of inertia—an object remains in rest or a straight line motion unless an external force is applied

9. Rene Descartes 1596-1650 Invented analytic geometry
Developed a scientific method that relied more on deduction than empirical observation and induction
Discourse on Method (1637)—deduced the existence of God (God given reason could not be false)
Reason can comprehend the world
Lost favor to scientific induction—generalizations from testing hypotheses and empirical observations
"Je pense, donc je suis"
"I think, therefore I am"

10. Newton 1642-1727 English scientist & mathematician Gravity
Universal gravitation (1687—Principia)
Keeps objects from flying off the earth
Holds the entire solar system together
Developed calculus to prove his theory
(calculating changing forces or quantities)

12. Paracelsus 1493-1541 professor of medicine at Basel
made advances in chemistry
his system of iatrochemistry (medicine) was a mixture of observed fact and superstition

13. Robert Boyle (1627-1691) Establishes Chemistry as a pure science
Defines an element as material that cannot be broken down into a simpler form by chemical means

14. Andreas Vesalius “The Body Snatcher” 1514-1564
Dissected human bodies
Made ground breaking discoveries in anatomy
published his work in On the Structure of the Human Body (1543)

16. William Harvey (1578-1657) An English Physician
Concluded that blood circulates throughout the body
Pumped by the heart and returns through the veins
The Circulation of the Blood (1628)
Paved the way for exact anatomical science

17. Margaret Cavendish 1623-1673 Duchess of Newcastle
Understood the new science
Quarreled with the ideas of Descartes and Hobbes
Criticized the Royal Society for being more interested in scientific Instruments than in solving human problems
Only woman in the 17th century to be allowed to visit a meeting of the Royal Society of London
Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy 1666

18. Midwives
Midwives across Europe oversaw the delivery of children well into the 18th century
Trade pursued by elderly or widowed women of low social classes (apprenticeship lasted several years)
Women believed that if their attending midwives were not of good character their own babies might be still born or imperfectly formed
Licensure could be revoked
18th century—taken over by men!