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Objectives and Challenges of Goal-oriented Landscape Design
Bryan Watts and Mike Wilson Center for Conservation Biology College of William and Mary Producing information that enables conservation
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Continental Bird Conservation Lattice
Monitoring Infrastructure BCR / Landscape Information Needs Assessment Species / Habitat Program BCR-specific Targeted Integration & Strategy Strategy Development Action Management Restoration Implementation Conservation Monitoring
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General Management Framework
Resource Constraints Single Species Systems Multiple Species Systems
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Conservation Strategy
Synthesis Regional PIF Plan Translation Shorebird Colonial Waterbird Waterfowl National Planning Planning Integrated Regional Plan Conservation Goals Action Status Evaluation Local MABCI PLAN Response Conservation Planning Conservation Action Adaptive Monitoring Conservation Strategy
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STATUS EVALUATION (Conceptual Model) Action Plan Habitat Requirements
Habitat Assessment Ecological Modifiers Population Projection Population/Goal Comparison Management Options Action Plan
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(Grasshopper Sparrow)
STATUS EVALUATION (Grasshopper Sparrow) Grassland 18,884 ha Sub-type Density Patch Area Population Projection 150 k Population Goal Conservation Design ? 75 k Status
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Habitat Management Management Conservation Benefit H1
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Goal-Oriented Land Management (For Wildlife Species)
Species-Landscape Compatibility Suite of Required Resources
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FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS
What is our objective (goal)? What management tools should we use? What resources are available to us? What criteria are we going to use to evaluate strategy?
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Ecological Factors Influencing Populations Habitat Availability Winter
Contaminants Competition Habitat Availability Food Availability Physiological Stressors Predation Winter Conditions Integrated Responses Reproductive Success Survivorship Population Response Ecological Factors Influencing Populations
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Legislative Protection
Reduce Contaminants Improve Habitat Quality Predator Control Protect Habitat Control Competitors Create Habitat Integrated Responses Management Actions Influencing Populations Reproductive Success Survivorship Population Response
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Management Actions are
Habitat Specific 1 2 Habitat 1 3 4 5 Habitat 2 6 7 Habitat 3 8 9 10 Habitat 4 11 12 Pool of Management Actions
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Attributes of Management Actions
Cost Benefit 9 10 11 12 Money Land Time Population Increase Metrics
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Management Strategy Benefits (m9 + m10 + m11 + m12) Costs m09 m10 m11
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Management Trajectories
Bird Population Beginning Condition Population Goal
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Management Strategy m09 m10 m11 m12
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Random Management Walk
Conservation Benefit Cost Criteria Maximize conservation benefit Minimize costs
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Design Principles 1) produce maximum benefit with the most efficient combination of resources. (universal)
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Landscape to Landscape Variation in Beginning Condition
Restoration Costs Landscape to Landscape Variation in Beginning Condition Population Goal Cost Cost Beginning Condition Bird Population Beginning Condition Landscape 1 Landscape 2
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Attaining vs Sustaining Goals
Maintenance Costs Landscape Equilibrium
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Attaining vs Sustaining Goals
Maintenance Costs Attaining vs Sustaining Goals Maintenance Costs Landscape Equilibrium
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Attaining vs Sustaining Goals
Restoration Cost Long term Maintenance Costs
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Design Principles 1) produce maximum benefit with the most efficient combination of resources. 2) consider both restoration and long-term maintenance costs.
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General Management Framework
Resource Constraints Single Species Systems Multiple Species Systems
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Management Potential/Constraints
Total Land Lost to system (e.g. urbanization) Natural constraints (e.g. wetlands) Use constraints (e.g. cemeteries, monuments) Open to Management
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Management Limits Bird Population Absolute Management Limit
Total Area – Losses and Constraints Bird Population Practical Management Limit Beginning Condition
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Management Limits Bird Population
Population Goal Achievable (within management limits) Absolute Management Limit Bird Population Practical Management Limit Population Goal Beginning Condition
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Management Limits Bird Population
Population Goal not Achievable (exceeds management limits) Absolute Management Limit Population Goal Bird Population Practical Management Limit Beginning Condition
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General Management Framework
Resource Constraints Single Species Systems Multiple Species Systems
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Protecting Land for Bald Eagles in the lower Chesapeake Bay
What is our objective (goal)? Protect land for 120 pairs What management tools should we use? Acquisition What resources are available to us? To be determined What criteria are we going to use to evaluate strategy? Maximize benefit, minimize cost
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Bald Eagle Working Area
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Bald Eagle Habitat Suitability Model
(Chesapeake Bay) Is site within 3 km of 250 m channel? Is there < 5 houses within 200 m? Is there < 10 houses within 400 m? Is there forest cover within 200 m? Yes No Unsuitable Discriminant Function Model Questionable Acceptable Good Very Good 21 34 67 100 Results Habitat Quality Rating Distribution Constraints
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Bald Eagle Habitat Projection
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Bald Eagle Management Limits
665,079 ha Total Land 51% Lost to system (e.g. urbanization) 326,419 ha 22% Natural constraints (e.g. wetlands) 181,601 ha ?% Use constraints (e.g. cemeteries, monuments) 181,601 ha Open to Management
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(Lower Chesapeake Bay)
Salinity Gradient (Lower Chesapeake Bay)
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Bald Eagle Breeding Density by Salinity
1.6 1.2 Breeding Density (Pairs/10 km Shoreline) 0.8 0.4 Tidal Fresh Oligohaline 0.0 Mesohaline 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 Polyhaline Survey Year
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BALD EAGLE BREEDING DENSITY BY SALINITY
3.6 A A 3.0 2.4 B B Breeding Density (Pairs/10 km shoreline) 1.8 1.2 Mean+SD 0.6 Mean-SD Mean+SE Mean-SE 0.0 TF OH MH PH Mean Salinity Zone
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Salinity and Eagle Benefit/Unit Area
H1 (Salinity < 1 ppt) H2 (Salinity > 1 ppt) Eagle Benefit
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Management Limits Bird Population
Population Goal Achievable (within management limits) 660 Practical Management Limit Bird Population Protection Goal 200 (80 achieved) Beginning Condition
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Land Acquisition Cost Benefit by Jurisdiction
10 8 6 Cost per Hectare (dollars X 100,000) 4 2 10 20 30 40 50 60 Benefit (potential eagle territories)
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Bald Eagle Protection Opportunities
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Cost of Land Protection for Bald Eagles
1600 1400 1200 1000 Accumulated Cost (millions of dollars) 800 600 400 Price Tag 200 100 200 300 400 500 Pairs Protected
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General Management Framework
Resource Constraints Single Species Systems Multiple Species Systems
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Species Suites and Habitats
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Management Potential/Constraints
Total Land Lost to system (e.g. urbanization) Natural constraints (e.g. wetlands) Use constraints (e.g. cemeteries, monuments) Open to Management
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Land Requirements for Suite
Sp3 Population Goal Sp5 Population Goal Land Requirements Sp6 Population Goal Sp1 Population Goal Sp2 Population Goal Sp4 Population Goal
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Management Limits Collective Land Requirement
Population Goals Achievable (within management limits) Absolute Management Limit Collective Land Requirement Practical Management Limit Collective Land Requirement (H1 + H2…) Beginning Condition
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Management Limits Collective Land Requirement
Population Goals not Achievable (exceed management limits) Absolute Management Limit Collective Land Requirement (H1 + H2…) Collective Land Requirement Practical Management Limit Beginning Condition
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Opportunity Cost Land Requirement (Sp2) Sp1 Density H1 > H2
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Design Principles 1) produce maximum benefit with the most efficient combination of resources. 2) consider both restoration and long-term maintenance costs. 3) under land constraints manage for high-quality habitats.
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Colonial National Historical Park
3,403 ha
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Improve Colonial NHP for Early Successional Species
What is our objective (goal)? Support 500 GHSP, 500 FISP What management tools should we use? Land Conversion, Management What resources are available to us? To be determined What criteria are we going to use to evaluate strategy? Maximize benefit, minimize cost
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SUCCESSIONAL GRADIENT
Grassland Transitional Shrubland 1-3 yr 3-5 yr 5-8 yr DISTURBANCE INTERVAL
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HABITAT USE Grasshopper Sparrow Eastern Meadowlark Field Sparrow
Common Yellowthroat Prairie Warbler Yellow-breasted Chat Indigo Bunting Blue Grosbeak
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Early Successional Management Limits
3,403 ha Total Land 1.5% Lost to system (e.g. urbanization) 3,350 ha 87.3% Natural constraints (e.g. wetlands) 380 ha 3.3% Use constraints (e.g. cemeteries, monuments) 266 ha Open to Management
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Patch Size Distribution
20 FISP ??? 18 16 14 12 Frequency (N) 10 8 6 4 2 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 Patch Size (ha)
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Management Limits 266 ha Collective Land Requirement
Population Goals not Achievable (exceed management limits) Collective Land Requirement (H1 + H2…) 266 ha Collective Land Requirement Practical Management Limit Beginning Condition
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Allocation Options FISP GHSP Land Budget 400 800 ??? 600
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Projected Maintenance Costs for Management Scenarios
500000 400000 300000 Cost (dollars) 200000 100000 Current 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Grasshopper Field Year
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Allocation Options FISP GHSP Land Budget 400 800 ??? 600
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Two-pronged Approach to Bridging Disconnect
Regional Conservation Goals Scaling down regional goals to the management of land parcels Orchestrating local actions to achieve regional goals Local Conservation Actions
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FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS
What is our objective (goal)? What management tools should we use? What resources are available to us? What criteria are we going to use to evaluate strategy?
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Species Tradeoffs – Integration Across Scales
Patch Breeding Species Wintering Species Migrating Species Local Region Continental Cost Benefit Integration Integration
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Design Principles 1) produce maximum benefit with the most efficient combination of resources. 2) consider both restoration and long-term maintenance costs. 3) under land constraints manage for high-quality habitats. Needs 1) prioritize species tradeoffs. 2) integration of information across spatial scales.
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