1. Effect of Gender on Color Deficiencies
Louis Costello
10th Grade
Springfield High School

2. Rationale Biology Color Deficient Colleagues
Future Career Opportunities
Optometrist
Ophthalmologist

3. Human Eye

5. Research Trichromacy Anomalous Trichromacy Protanomaly/Protanopia
Red
Deuteranomaly/Deuteranopia
Green
Tritanomaly/Tritanopia
Blue
Trichromacy = normal vision (all 3 cones work properly)
Deuteranomaly most common
Tritanomaly extremely rare, blue/yellow, NOT sex linked (chromosome 7)

6. Research Dr. N. S. Gordon (1998) Cheshire, England
Physiology of Color Vision
Testing for impaired color vision
Color Deficiency Tests
Ishihara Color Deficiency Test

7. Research
Ishihara Color Deficiency Test
Normal: 29
Deficiency: 70

9. Research Statistics – Color Deficiencies 8-11% of Males
0.5% of Females

10. Research Curt Stern, Gordon L. Walls
University of California
Cunier Pedigree of Color Blindness
Occurrence of color deficiencies
5-generation pedigree
X-Chromosome
Explained in speech. “Study, looked into pedigree, analyzed occurrence of color deficiencies in a family going back 5 generations. Found color deficiencies x-linked, etc.”
I explain how within this study it explains the genetics behind color blindness and the x-chromosome

11. Research X Y X’ X’X’ X’ Y X’X X’Y Punnet Square X-Linked
Females require 2 recessive
1 to be a carrier
Males require 1 recessive X Y X’
X’X’
X’ Y
X’X
X’Y
‘ - Recessive Allele

12. Hypothesis
If subjects are of male gender, then they are more likely than females to have a color deficiency.
Due to x-chromosome linkage

13. Materials 505 Test Subjects Google Forms Ishihara Test Plates
Computer (with Internet access)

14. Procedure Establish Controls Create Survey Controls Variable Groups
Correct combination of answers to Ishihara test
Variable Groups
Group of female subjects
Group of male subjects
Create Survey
Ishihara Color Deficiency Test
Google Forms
Equal amount of male and female subjects.
255 f:248m
50.7%f:49.3%m

16. Procedure Complete Human Subject Protocol Forms Conduct Control Test
Instruct subjects to complete the survey
Analyze Data
Draw Conclusions

17. Data & Analysis Participants with Color Deficiency 42
Total Participants
505
Percentage of Color Deficient Subjects
8.32%

18. Data & Analysis
Male
Female 26 16

19. Data & Analysis Male Female With Deficiency 26 16 Total 248 255
10.48%
6.27%
Global Statistics
8-11%
0.5%

20. Conclusion
Hypothesis is supported
Improvements
Future Projects

21. Thank You For Listening!
Are there any questions?