1. Chapter 1: Cell Structure and Function
Cells and Heredity
Chapter 1: Cell Structure and Function

2. The Big Idea: How are cells important to the structure and function of living things?
What are cells?
How did the invention of the microscope contribute to knowledge about living things?
What is the cell theory?
How do microscopes produce magnified images?

3. Section 1: Discovering Cells
An Overview of Cells
Cell: basic unit of a living thing
Cell and Structures
The arrangement of cells creates the structure of a living organism
Cells and Function
Functions of life performed by cells
Many and Small
Very small
Not discovered until the 1600s

4. Section 1: Discovering Cells
First Observations of Cells
Invention of the microscope let scientists see small objects—led to the discovery of the cell
Microscope: instrument that makes small objects appear larger
Robert Hooke: credited for seeing the first “cell”
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek: observed living microscopic organisms/named them “animalcules” “little animals”

5. Development of the Cell Theory
Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow
Schleiden: plants made of cells
Schwann: animals made of cells (all living things made of cells)
Virchow: cells come from other cells
What the Cell Theory Says
All living things are made of cells
Cells are the basic unit of life and perform the functions of life
All cells are made from other cells

6. Light and Electron Microscopes
Magnification and Lens
Magnification: making objects larger
Light microscopes bend light as it passes through the lens
Compound Microscope Magnification
Total magnification is the magnification of the lens by each other 4 x 10 = 40 magnification

7. Light and Electron Microscopes
Resolution
Allows image to be seen clearly
Electron Microscope
Uses a bean of electrons instead of light to magnify an object
Can see much smaller object more clearly than light microscopes

9. The Big Idea: How are cells important to the structure and function of living things?
What role do cell walls and cell membranes play in the cell?
What are the functions of cell organelles?
How are cells organized in many-celled organisms?
How do bacteria cells differ from plant and animal cells?

10. Section2: Looking Inside Cells
Organelles: tiny structures inside a cell that carry out specific functions of the cell
Enter the Cell
Cell Wall: supports and protects the cell
Made of cellulose
Selectively permeable
Rigid layer of non-living materials found around plant and some other types of cells

11. Enter the Cell
Cell Membrane: controls substances that go in and out of the cell
Provides the outer boundary of the cell
Allows good thing in and bad things out
Senses and responds to environment

12. Sail on to the Nucleus Nucleus: “brain of the cell” Roundish structure
Control center for the cell’s activities
Surrounded by a double layer—nuclear membrane/envelope
Chromatins: contain genetic material that provide the directions to the cell
Nucleolus: small spot in nucleus where ribosomes are made

13. Organelle’s in the Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm: thick fluid inside the cell membrane that contains the cytoplasmic organelles
Organelles—parts of the cell that carry on functions keeping the cell alive

14. Organelle’s in the Cytoplasm
Mitochondria: “power-house” of the cell
Rod-shaped structure with 2 membranes
Convert energy into food the cell can use
Most cell’s energy comes from sugar

15. Organelles in the Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic Reticulum: (ER) Cell’s delivery system
Series of folded membranes that serve as passageways across/through the cell

16. Organelles in the Cytoplasm
Ribosomes: assemble proteins
Grain-like spheres found floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the (ER)
Made in the nucleolus
Receive coded messages from nucleus to form proteins

17. Organelles in the Cytoplasm
Golgi Bodies: collect and package chemicals
Look like flattened tubes
Receive proteins in the ER, packages them, and distributes them to other parts of the cell
Also release materials outside the cell

18. Organelles in the Cytoplasm
Chloroplasts: green organelle found in some cells (plants)
Contains chlorophyll which captures sunlight and transforms it into useable energy

19. Organelles in the Cytoplasm
Vacuoles: cell’s storage container
Large water-filled bubble like sac in cell
Most plant cells have (1) large vacuole
Some animal cells have vacuoles
Store food and waste

20. Organelles in the Cytoplasm
Lysosomes: cell’s demolition crew
Small round structure
Contain enzymes that break down materials within the cell

21. Specialized Cells Cells perform specialized tasks
Multi-cellular organisms are often organized into tissues, organs, and systems

22. Bacterial Cells Bacteria are much smaller than plant or animal cells
Contain: cell wall, membrane
Does not contain: nucleus
Genetic material found in cytoplasm
Contain: ribosomes

23. The Big Idea: How are cells important to the structure and function of living things?
What are elements and compounds?
What are the main kinds of organic molecules in living things?
How is water important to the function of cells?

24. Section 3: Chemical Compounds in Cells
Elements and Compounds
Elements: substance that cannot be broken into a similar substance
made of only one type of atom
Living things contain: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur
Compounds: two or more elements combine together in a specific ratio
Molecule: smallest unit of a compound
Water, Sugar are example of compounds

25. Section 3: Chemical Compounds in Cells
Elements and Compounds
Organic and Inorganic Compounds
Most compounds that contain Carbon are called Organic
Organic Compounds:: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
Compounds without Carbon: Inorganic
Inorganic Compounds: Water, Table Salt

26. Section 3: Chemical Compounds in Cells
Carbohydrates
Energy-rich organic compound
Made of: C, H, O
Examples: Sugar and Starches
Sugar molecules join together to form larger molecules called complex carbohydrates
Used: Cellulose/Cell Wall; Cell Membranes; Energy

27. Section 3: Chemical Compounds in Cells
Lipids
Energy rich organic compounds
Made of C, H, O
Cells store energy in lipids
Used for: cell membranes

28. Section 3: Chemical Compounds in Cells
Proteins
Large organic compounds
Made of C, H, O, N, S
Examples: meat, eggs, nuts, beans
Structure of Proteins
Proteins are made of amino acids
20 common amino acids link together in different combination to for different proteins
Functions of Proteins
Proteins help for cell membrane and organelles
Enzyme: type of protein in the cell that speed up chemical reactions inside a cell

29. Section 3: Chemical Compounds in Cells
Nucleic Acids
Long organic molecules
Made of: C, O, H, N, P
Nucleic Acids contain instructions for life
Two kinds of Nucleic Acids
DNA: genetic information passed from parents
DNA found in chromatins
RNA: relay information for the assembly of proteins
RNA found in nucleus and cytoplasm

30. Section 3: Chemical Compounds in Cells
Water and Living Things
Water makes up 2/3 of human body
Most chemical reactions involve substances dissolved in water
Most chemical reactions could not take place without water
Water keeps size and shape of cells
Water maintains temperatures

31. The Big Idea: How are cells important to the structure and function of living things?
How do most molecules cross the cell membrane?
Why is osmosis important to cells?
What is the difference between active transport and passive transport?

32. Cell Membrane
Membrane: thin covering that forms the outer boundary of a cell
What are Membranes Made of?
Composed of lipids and proteins
Fluid Mosaic Model: lipids form a fluid film around floating proteins

33. Cell Membrane Selectively Permeability
Certain molecules go through the membrane and others cannot
Passive transport—movement of a substance through a membrane without the use of the cells energy
Diffusion and Osmosis

34. Diffusion Main method of small particles move across the cell membrane
The movement of molecules from areas of high concentration (many) to areas of low concentration (less)
Example: Perfume bottle fills a room; sugar in coffee
Oxygen is diffused into single-celled pond organisms

35. Diffusion
Particles run into each other and as they collide they push away from each other filling the space available evenly
Diffusion can be speed up by heat, movement, and pressure

36. Osmosis Diffusion of water through a membrane
Move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
Effects of Osmosis
Equal amounts of water—cell keeps shape
Salt water surrounds a cell—water diffuses out of the cell and the cell shrinks
Distilled water surrounds a cell—water diffuses into the cell—the cell expands

37. Active Transport
Active transport—requires the cell uses its energy to move a substance through the membrane
Example: Ocean organisms keep iodine in their cells through active transport
Transport Proteins: “pick up” molecules and move them through the membrane—Ca, P, Na
Transport by Engulfing: cell surrounds a molecule and forms a vacuole around it