1. Urinary System

2. Urinary system = excretory system
Responsible for removing wastes and excess water from body and maintaining acid-base balance
Maintains homeostasis – state of equilibrium or constant state of the natural balance in the internal environment of the body
Ex: increased water intake - increased urine output

3. urinary system anatomy part 1

4. Urinary System
Two kidneys
Two ureters
Bladder
urethra

5. Kidneys
Bean-shaped organs located on either side of vertebral column – retroperitoneal
Retroperitoneal – above waist and towards back
Protected by ribs and fat

6. Kidney divided into 2 sections: cortex and medulla
Cortex – outer section contains urine producing nephrons
Medulla – inner section contains most of collecting tubules carrying urine from nephrons through kidney

7. Hilum – notched or indented area through which ureter, nerves, blood vessels, and lymph vessels enter and leave kidney.

8. Nephrons – microscopic filtering units of the kidney
>1million nephrons per kidney
Nephron consists of:
Glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

9. Renal artery carries blood to kidney
Connects to glomerulus (cluster of capillaries) which filter out water, mineral salts, glucose, metabolic products, etc
RBC’s and proteins are not filtered out

10. Filtered blood leaves glomerulus and enters renal vein which carries it away from artery
Substances filtered out enter Bowman’s capsule and then the convoluted tubule
Substances (water, glucose, vitamins) needed by body are reabsorbed into bloodstream
Excess glucose, mineral salts, some water and waste such as urea, uric acid and creatinine remain in tubule and become urine

11. structure and function of nephron

12. Urine then enters collecting ducts or tubules located in medulla
These tubules enter in to renal pelvis

13. Ureters – muscular tubes approx inches long extending from the renal pelvis in each kidney to the bladder
Peristalsis moves urine through ureter to bladder

14. Bladder – hollow, muscular sac, containing rugae which allow bladder to expand to fill with urine
Urge to void (urinate) occurs when bladder contains approx 250ml or 1 cup of urine
Circular sphincter muscle controls opening to bladder

15. What makes us void? Circular sphincter muscle
Receptors in bladder wall send out reflex action which opens muscle
Infants can not control this muscle, older children learn to control this reflex

16. Urethra – tube which carries urine from bladder to outside of body
Urinary meatus – external opening
Females – carries only urine
Males – carries urine and semen

17. Application
Read DHO pgs and define the following: Polyuria Oliguria Anuria Hematuria Pyuria Nocturia Dysuria Retention Incontinence Proteinuria Albuminuria

18. Uremia
Toxic condition when kidneys fail and urinary waste products enter bloodstream
S&S: headache, dizziness, N&V, ammonia odor to breath, oliguria and anuria, mental confusion, convulsions, coma, death

19. Cystitis Inflammation of bladder Usually caused by E.coli
More common in females because have shorter urethra
S&S : frequent urination, dysuria, burning sensation, hematuria, low back pain, bladder spasm, fever
Tx: antibiotic and increase fluid intake

20. Renal Calculi Kidney stones
Form when salts in urine precipitate (settle out of the solution)
S&S: intense, acute pain, hematuria, N&V, frequent urge to void,
Tx: strain urine, increase fluids, lithotripsy, surgical removal of stones

21. Kidney Failure Kidneys stop functioning Acute Renal Failure
Chronic Renal Failure
Waste products enter bloodstream
dialysis

22. hemodialysis vs peritoneal dialysis