1. STORAGE, COLLECTION, tools & equipments and Transportation OF
SOLID WASTE
(unit v)
(elective-i)

2. INTRODUCTION
Waste is continuously produced as a result of human activities.
Waste must be stored and transported at specific frequencies.
Removal of waste from individual houses is termed as ‘collection of waste’ and carried out by various methods.
The collection system require co-operation of the residents.

3. INTRODUCTION
In case of inadequate co-operation and inefficiency in collection of waste aesthetic problems arises due to accumulation of material leading to smell and odour problems, proliferation of flies, mosquitoes and other vectors leading to transfer of infection resulting in increased morbidity.
The expenditure on collection amount to 45-75% of total cost of solid waste management system in India.
The collection of cost reduces in terms of percentage of total cost.

4. TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS
Collection & Transportation of solid waste involves use of a variety of tools, equipment and facilities.
Tools & Equipments should be selected with due care so as to ensure optimum performance of the system.
Most of the equipments and tools that are currently used are have not been specifically designed for solid waste collection.
They are used just because that they are easily available in market.
This results in ineffective operation of the system.
Hence it is essential to describe the importance of tools & equipments for the improvement of the system.

5. STORAGE
The storage of waste is necessary otherwise it will create nuisance.
The storage equipments at individual premises are provided by the owners who are responsible for their proper maintenance.
The capacities and material of the container to be provided by the owner should be stipulated by the municipal authorities.
The bye-laws should empower the municipal agency to replace such containers, which not satisfy the specifications, all the cost of the owner.

6. HOUSEHOLD STORAGE
The waste produced in individual premises has to be stored before it is transferred to the transportation vehicle.
Majorly, the waste stored in containers that are readily available such as oil drums, metal containers & plastic buckets.
These are used with having cover over it to avoid odour nuisance.
Large Size Bin

7. Litter Bins
These are provided to enable the citizens to deposit their behavioral waste while moving along the streets and at public places.
The bins commonly comprises of two parts, the outer part of which is of a standard design and has a separate inner part which can be easily lifted and emptied in the handcart.
These litter bins are usually liters capacity.
Pole mounted litter bin

8. Equipment for street cleansing
Brooms
These are mainly two types
Short Handled Brooms
Long Handled Brooms

9. Short Handled Brooms
These have wooden handle to which a large number of short tufts are bound.
The worker bends a little and cleans the road by short vigorous strokes of the broom.
The length of broom is 0.60M.
Due to this, back pain & dirt inhalation risks are more which adversely affects the health of the worker.
Hence, it is not recommended to use small brooms.

10. Long Handled Brooms
These consist of a bunch of long flexible fibers attached to bamboo or wooden handle.
The length of the wooden stick is 1.70M while the broom is 0.30M long.
The worker used it while standing erect.
Due to this, back pain & dirt inhalation risks are avoided.
Hence, it is safe to use.

11. Shovels The swept material is usually lifted by using a shovel.
The straight flat shovel is commonly used but it is observed that the light materials like tree leaves, paper etc. tend to fall off.
Flat G.I./M.S. plates are also sometime used and are found to be equally efficient.

12. Handcarts
The handcarts are used to transfer the solid waste to the collection point of that locality.
The handcarts are usually either single wheeled, double handled or three-wheeled type.
To transport the same quantity lesser force is required in the 3-wheeled handcart than in the 2-wheeled handcart.
A light tubular frame is recommended for easy loading and unloading and to reduce the weight.
In some cities handcarts with removable containers are used.
This arrangement reduces the handling steps and also prevents the dust from becoming airborne.

13. 1-wheeled handcart
2-wheeled handcart
3-wheeled handcart

14. Mechanical Road Sweepers
In the developed countries mechanical road sweepers are used.
These are also used in few Indian cities.
The equipment consists of one or more rapidly revolving brushes which dislodge the material and direct the deposited material from the road surface to a single point from where it is sucked by a suction mechanism.

15. Community Bins Community bins are classified into two categories
Stationary Bins
Small Capacity Bins
Large Uncovered Enclosures
Large Covered Enclosures
Movable Bins

16. Stationary Bins
These bins are of various designs and are usually either of masonry or R.C.C.
Small Capacity Bins
Portable G.I. containers either circular (1 m dia x 1 m high) or rectangular (1m x 1m x 1m) usually have both the ends open and are placed directly on the ground.
Due to high resale value the bins are often stolen and have to be replaced.

17. Large Uncovered Enclosures
These bins are often constructed in brick masonry to various sizes.
The citizens and the solid waste workers are expected to bring their waste to the container and deposit the same inside either over the low front wall or through the openings.
As the waste is exposed, problems arise due to flies and the activities of rag pickers, and the area turns insanitary.
As people are expected to deposit the waste inside the enclosure, only a short width in the front is utilized and a greater part of the bin remains unused.

18. Large Covered Enclosures
Sometimes the masonry enclosures have a roof on the top and a shutter in front. In such cases these structures are variously known as ‘Dalao’ or ‘Depot’ etc.
In some cities a worker is also posted at such enclosures so that the sites are not misused by antisocial elements.
Due to the enclosed space the waste is protected from rains but when the worker is not present at the site, cattle, birds etc. gain access to the site.
The waste is transferred manually or by using front end loader from the enclosure (dalao) to the vehicle.

19. Movable Bins
These are designed to be compatible with the transport vehicle.
Two systems of large sized wheel less containers are often used so as to avoid chances of theft and vandalism observed in the tractor trailer system.
In one system the containers of 4.50 m3 capacity are towed away by the transport vehicle at specific intervals.
In another system, large containers are used which, when full are taken away to the disposal site after lifting them on the flat chassis of the prime mover (truck).
The loading height is often more than 1 m of the container leading to problems in loading.
In the case of compactor vehicles, 1m3 capacity containers with wheels are placed at specific sites.
The compactor mechanically lifts the containers, empties the contents and places them back on the ground.

20. Container (Capacity 4.5 m3)

21. FREQUENCY OF COLLECTION
Accumulated waste in the premises must be removed at specific frequency depending on size of container and composition of waste.
Municipal agencies are responsible for collection of waste.
Waste consists of organics, recyclables such as paper, plastic, glass etc. and non-decomposable.

22. FREQUENCY OF COLLECTION
If the material with high organic and moisture content from residential areas is not collected for a long time it tends to degrade quickly at the higher ambient temperatures encountered in India.
Further, the fly eggs deposited in such material hatch within 1 day and the larvae will feed on the waste for 5 days before pupation which takes 3 more days.
It is therefore desirable that the waste is removed as quickly as possible and at least once in 5-6 days to ensure that the flies do not emerge out of the deposited eggs.
It is essential to remove the waste at least twice or thrice a week.

23. FREQUENCY OF COLLECTION
In the house to house collection if the dwellings have an adequate space for storage of the containers, daily collection may not be necessary.
However, if the dwellings are too small or in clusters without suitable storage space, daily collection should be encouraged.
Table gives the frequency of collection recommended in different types of areas in different classes of cities.

24. SERVICE STANDARDS FOR SOLID WASTE COLLECTION:
TYPE OF LOCALITY
FREQUENCY
Class I Cities Class II Cities Population > 1lakh Population-50,000 to 99,999
Residential Areas
Area with high population density.
Area with medium population density.
High income area.
Area with low population density.
Markets
Commercial Areas
Industrial Areas
Once or twice a day Once day
Once or twice a day Once in two days
Once or twice a day Once a day
Once in two days Once in three days
Once or twice a day Once or twice a day
Twice a day Once a day Once a day Once a day

25. HOUSE TO HOUSE COLLECTION:
Refuse generated and stored in individual premises is collected by several methods such as:
Curb service
Alley service
Set-out, set-back service
Set-out service
Backyard service

26. CURB SERVICE:
Refuse container is placed at the curb on scheduled day by house owner.
Workmen collect and empty in the collection vehicle and place them back at the curb.
House owner take the container back to their house.

27. CURB SERVICE ROAD ALLEY 7 ALLEY ALLEY ROAD VEHICLE WASTE STORAGE HOUSE
NO. 1 2 3 4
WASTE
STORAGE
ALLEY 7 5 6 8
ALLEY
ALLEY
ROAD
CURB SERVICE

28. ALLEY SERVICE: Containers are placed in the alley line.
Workmen are allowed to pick and deposit back the empty container.

29. ALLEY SERVICE ROAD ALLEY 7 ALLEY ALLEY ROAD VEHICLE WASTE STORAGE
HOUSE
NO. 1 2 3 4
WASTE
STORAGE
ALLEY 7 5 6 8
ALLEY
ALLEY
ROAD
ALLEY SERVICE

30. SET-OUT, SET-BACK SERVICE:
Set-out men go to individual houses.
Collect and empty the container in solid waste collection vehicle.
Another group of persons return them to house owner’s yard.
Workmen collects the solid waste container, empty them in the collection vehicle.
House owner take back the empty container.
SET-OUT SERVICE:

31. SET-OUT, SET-BACK SERVICE
VEHICLE
HOUSE
NO. 1 2 3 4
SET-OUT MEN
ALLEY 7 5 6 8
ALLEY
SET-IN MEN
ROAD
SET-OUT, SET-BACK SERVICE

32. BACKYARD SERVICE:
Worker carry a bin, handcart or sack or cloth to the yard and empty the solid waste container in it.
Handcart or bin is emptied in the solid waste collection vehicle.

33. COMPARISON OF VARIOUS METHODS OF HOUSE TO HOUSE COLLECTION:
SR.
NO.
DESCRIPTION
CURB
SERVICE
ALLEY
SETOUT,
SET-BACK
SETOUT
BACKYARD 1.
House owners cooperation is required:
To carry full cans
To carry empty cans
YES
OPTIONAL NO 2.
Scheduled service is necessary for obtaining house owners cooperation 3.
Prone to upset 4.
Average crew size
1-3
3-7
1-5
3-5 5.
Complaints regarding trespassing
LOW
HIGH 6.
Special service -
Requires
Special
vehicle 7.
Evaluation with reference to:
Service to citizens
Crew cost
POOR
FAIR
MEDIUM
GOOD

34. COMMUNITY BIN SYSTEM: Bins are located at street corners.
Waste is brought and deposited in the bins.
Capacity of community bins
at least 50%, for daily collection & 100%, for alternative days.
Distance of containers should not be more than 100m.

35. BELL RINGING SYSTEM:
Collection vehicle is provide with a bell and rung at specified points.
Residents from adjoining areas come to the vehicle and deposit the waste.
Sometimes the bell is used as a informing system for the residents.

36. STREET CLAENSING:
Street waste comprises of- i)Natural waste. ii)Traffic waste. iii)Behavioural waste.
Manual sweeping is carried out with short/long handled brooms.
Work is carried out in pairs- one person (commonly female) sweeping the road and other collecting the swept material in a handcart.
Two shifts- 6am to 12pm and 2nd from 3pm to 5pm.

37. TRANSFER OF COLLECTED WASTE
The waste collected after sweeping must be transferred to the community bin and thereafter to the waste transport vehicle.
Transfer of waste to community bins is commonly made by using cane or plastic baskets.
If these are to be directly taken to the community bin, it is time consuming and leads to reduced productivity of the workers.
Handcarts of suitable design and capacity improve the productivity and should be so designed as to enable transport of large quantities of the low density municipal solid waste.

38. TRANSFER OF COLLECTED WASTE
Handcarts usually deposit their contents by the side of the bin from where it is lifted and deposited into the bin.
If the handcart contains a number of containers these can be directly emptied into the bin thereby reducing the number of handling steps.
The waste from the bin is often manually lifted and transferred by head loads to the vehicle.
If the bin can be directly taken away on the vehicle chassis, the handling steps will be reduced.

39. TRANSFER OF COLLECTED WASTE
When the rim of the side flap of the vehicles is higher than 1.6 m, a sweeper must be stationed inside the vehicle to collect the basket from the worker standing on the road and deposit it inside the vehicle.
This exposes the workers to increased risk of transfer of infection.
The present system of collection is labor intensive and neither standardized work norms nor appropriate equipment and methods are used, the productivity of the workers is less than the desirable value of k day/worker.
The values recorded in some Indian cities are given table:

41. TRANSPORTATION OF VEHICLES
The waste collected in storage containers at individual premises and in the community bins is carried to the processing or disposal sites by using a variety of vehicles.
In general, these vehicles can be grouped into two types:-
vehicles which move through narrow streets and bylanes;
vehicles which move through wider roads and after travelling over long distances discharge their contents at the disposal sites.
Both these types of vehicles are used simultaneously in developed countries.
Short range vehicles unload their contents into long range large capacity vehicles at the transfer station.
Due to high wage rates in developed countries, costly compactors which are suited to the prevailing waste characteristics which require less manpower are used.
In India, however, the wage rates are low and the operational cost of such a vehicle is high. Transportation cost which forms 20-45% of the total cost of solid waste management in various urban cities can be substantially reduced if vehicles are selected after consideration the above factors.

42. Selection of Vehicles
The vehicles should satisfy the following requirements:
The loading height should not exceed 1.5 metres.
They should have tipping arrangement for fast and efficient unloading of solid waste.
The vehicle should satisfy the prevailing motor vehicle rules.
When fully loaded, they should be able to climb a gradient of upto 1:10.
Their bodies should be of rugged construction and provided with at least two coats of anticorrosive paint of a distinct colour for easy identification.
Their tyre should be such as to facilitate easy maneuvering in rough uneven muddy areas at the disposal sites.
They should have a covered body or the waste should be covered by a simple method during its transportation.
The body should not have sharp corners where material accumulates and should be such as will facilitate easy cleaning.

43. Short Range Transportation Vehicles
These vehicles usually have a small turning radius and can easily move through narrow and congested roads and lanes. The common types of short range transportation vehicles are
animal carts,
pedal tricycles,
short range diesel vehicles,
tractor trailer and auto-rickshaws.

44. Animal Carts
Animal carts are preferred in smaller towns where road surfaces are not good.
They are also used in some large towns for collection and transportation of wastes from narrow lanes and bylanes.
Bullock carts with containers of about 1 cu. m. capacity are usually used. The person who drives the cart also transfers the material from bins to the cart.
The use of animal cart reduces the expenditure on fuel but tends to obstruct the traffic due to the slow speed of movement.
It is observed that the iron rims on its wheels damage the asphalt pavement.
Wherever the local situation permits, animal carts with ball bearing with pneumatic rubber tyres and manually operated tipping gear may be used.

45. Pedal Tricycle
In smaller towns where the transportation distance is not much, pedal tricycles can be used as an alternative to the animal cart.
They can have a closed or open body of about cum capacity.
The body can also have a simple tilting mechanism.
Occasionally, instead of using human power a small petrol engine is also used.

46. Short Range Auto Vehicles
Various vehicles used for solid waste transportation and serve as a replacement for the bullock carts.
Some of these vehicles have a small diesel engine to carry tonnes of material and have a low loading height of less than 1.5 metres, short turning radius of metres and fuel economy of 8-12 kms/litre.
In some designs, the space where the driver and the labourers sit is covered.
These vehicles are robust, simple, diesel operated and economical in operation.

47. Tractor Trailers
Tractor Trailers are quite commonly used in the smaller towns.
In one variation the tractor trailer is used as a single unit.
A single tractor is used to tow away a number of trailers parked at different locations. The trailers can be tipped by taking power from the tractor- engine.
It can make 5-6 trips per day making the operation very economical. It is desirable that the trailers be modified by raising the sides so that they can carry a larger quantity of municipal solid waste.
The tractor is suitable for towns with narrow lanes and bylanes due to its easy movebility.

48. Long Range Transport Vehicles
In the case of bigger towns and cities the distance over which the waste is required to be transported is large and the roads are also wide and well maintained.
Hence different types of vehicles are used. The most common vehicles in use are
normal open body trucks,
dumper placers,
special municipal vehicles,
the container carrier system,
compactor vehicles.

49. Trucks
Various types of trucks are used in Indian cities depending upon the capacity.
During transportation the material is rarely covered, with the resulting spilling waste spoils the surroundings.
However in some cities waste is covered with tarpaulin during transport. This practice prevents spillage and is also aesthetically acceptable.
Trucks designed to carry 5-7 tonnes of building material of large density, the MSW lighter and the truck carries only 2 tonnes MSW.
When trucks with large tare weight are used while most of the fuel is consumed for moving the truck body.
Such trucks not only have large capital cost but also incur large fuel cost besides putting and heavy load on transfer and disposal site. Hence, small trucks with lesser body weight should be used.
Workers trained to maintain these vehicles are available in most of the cities, and hence problems do not arise in maintenance of the vehicle.
Unfortunately, the civic authorities due to the shortage of funds and the low priority assigned to this work often use them, for some other

50. Open Truck
Covered Truck
Covered Truck

51. Container Carrier System
In the container carrier system containers of specific capacity and design are provided as community bins.
The tractor, prime mover with an attachment called ‘carrier’ arrives at a designated point with an empty container. After unloading the empty container, the carrier grips and lifts the container and carries it to the processing or disposal site.
This ‘system’ has a greater length and more components/parts than the dumper placer. Moreover, mobility of the vehicle in the narrow roads of the owns becomes difficult.
Further, the tractor mechanism is slow and noisy and cannot make a large number of trips as compared to the truck mechanism used in the other options.
The height over which the container is lifted by the carrier is small. The small clearance of the container from the ground poses problems at the uneven ground surface at the disposal site.
This system has limited use, due to the above disadvantage.

52. Dumper Placer
These units were originally designed for collection and transportation of heavy metal and scrap from industrial establishments.
The vehicle is provided with a hoisting mechanism which lifts containers (commonly of 4.5 cu.m. capacity) placed at suitable locations.
Usually, the vehicle arrives with an empty container which is unloaded at a specific point, the filled container is lifted and carried away for waste disposal.
Each vehicle can take care of at least 5-6 containers in an 8 hr. working shift. With the present design only one container can be transported leaving a large vacant space on the chassis.
Modification of the container design in a manner so as to enable placing of a larger number of container will result in a more efficient utilisation of the vehicle chassis.

53. DUMPER PLACER SYSTEM Prime Mover Lifting the Container
Container Being Transported
Container Being Unloaded

54. Compactor Vehicles
These vehicles compact waste from an initial low density to a higher density.
In the developed countries the design is based on compaction of solid waste with an initial density of kg/cum to a density of kg cum to give a compaction ratio of 2 to 4.
However, as the initial density of MSW in India is kg/cum compaction is not achieved to the same extent.
Further, these vehicles cost 2-3 times that of the common open body trucks and require greater maintenance and care in its operation.
Since such conditions are often not available and since compaction is not achieved to the desired extent, the cost on per tonne basis is much higher than that of other types of vehicles.
Further, since maintenance facilities in the municipal workshops are also not of the required standard, the vehicles are often out of order and their performance under Indian conditions is not satisfactory.
Hence, for the type of waste encountered in India, vehicles which are rugged and easily maintainable in the existing workshops, should be used.

55. Compactor
Rear View of Compactor
Compactor Being Unloaded

56. Bulk Refuse Carriers
Bulk refuse carriers having a capacity of cu.m. are sometimes used.
These are commonly provided at transfer stations where the short range vehicles unload in it.
Some of these vehicles have their own prime mover while others are hauled by a separate prime mover.
These Bulk Refuse Carriers usually have raised sides and are also closed from the top after filling.
They are hydraulically unloaded at the processing a disposal site.

57. Rail Transport
When solid waste is to be transported over a large distance as in case of Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai etc. this mode of transport can be used.
The vehicles bring solid waste from different areas of the city and transfer their contents into the railway wagons at the transfer station.
Rail transports economical if the material is to be transported over a large distance.
Formerly, rail transport was used in Mumbai to carry waste from the Mahalaxmi transfer station and in Kolkata from Dhapa transfer station to the disposal site.
However, due to various reasons, use of this method has been discontinued in both cities.

58. Reference
Solid Waste Management- Dr. Bhide

59. THANK YOU