1. Which future for Park and Ride in European cities?
Challenge session at ECOMM 2016, Athens
Dr. Jorrit Nijhuis
Ministry of Infrastructure & Environment

2. Park and Ride policies
Aim of P+R policies: stimulate car travellers to park outside of the city centre, and to shift to other transport modes.
Policy motivation: congestion reduction, economic vitality, hospitality, air quality
P+R policies:
- Push: parking availability, parking tariffs
- Pull: quality of public transport, multimodal travel information, (new) P+R locations, quality of P+R

3. Adoption of P+R in Europe
P+R policy increasingly popular (e.g extra parking places in NL in 10 years time)
Large differences in adoption levels throughout Europe
80% of medium to large cities in NW Europe apply P+R scheme (Dijk & Montalvo, 2014)
Source: Dijk & Montalvo, 2011

4. Critical issues
Commercial exploitation for P+R locations expensive (need for continuous funding)
The positive effect on car reduction and local air quality is disputed
A ‘full’ P+R is not automatically a successful P+R

5. Challenge questions
Would you advice Southern and Eastern European countries to follow P+R policies of NW European countries?
What conditions need to be met in order for P+R policies to be successful
How does the potential of P+R change with considering rapid developments in ITS and smart mobility services?

6. Aim of the challenge session
Initiate a critical discussion on the contribution of P+R in sustainable urban mobility, now and in the future
Even more than other mobility management measures P+R policies operate on the crossroad of multiple policy domains. Policies on public transport, parking, and behavioural campaigns all need to be aligned with P+R policies in order for the P+R to have a (substantial) effect on sustainable mobility goals.