1. The Reformation in Europe

2. Movements for Reform
s, calls for a broader representation of the church- less papal authority (therefore having a more secular rule)
Lay people (ordinary rather than clergy) and religious movement at this time stressed emulation of the behavior of the early founders of Christianity- Franciscans, John Wycliffe ( ) etc…
The challenge was always the same- salvation did not depend on obedience to the papacy of the performance of rituals prescribed by the church
These ideas were supported by those rulers who saw that they might benefit from a less powerful church (remember John Green and the Prussian guy)

3. Movements for Reform
This of course was strictly condemned by the papal authorities (and yet you get the very popular Imitation of Christ by Kempis)
Christian Humanism- a challenge to the luxury of the institution of the church
The time was full of people reflecting on family life, personal responsibility and authority (legitimacy), increased approval of secular rule- an atmosphere of revolution I guess you could say
Printing Press- spread of ideas like never before
Enter Martin Luther…

4. Luther and Protestantism
Crisis of Faith- How do I attain salvation? What assurances do I have that I am proceeding properly in life? What is my relationship to my community and to God?
Prevailing theology- doing good works will allow for salvation- yet Luther found Romans 1:17- …faith for faith…
Indulgences really got him going friar Tetzel- “as soon as coin in coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs”
95 Theses, originally written in Latin but were translated and spread across Germany
The problem with venting is sometimes you get support and then you have to actually develop your position

5. Luther and Protestantism
By 1520 Luther was quite the celebrity and was officially breaking from the church and asked the German Princes to reform the Church in their areas of power
Luther was excommunicated in 1520 and in 1521 was labelled a heretic. The Holy Roman Emperor finally wades into the issue and calls the Diet of Worms (wants Luther to recant- he doesn’t
Luther hides out for a bit but the damage has been done, people all over Europe are taking up his teachings and by 1529 we see the appearance of the word Protestant

6. Social and Political Developments
The Reformation quickly becomes a political matter when Luther sought the support of local German authorities
Northern Europe vs. Rome (secular Princes against the clergy)
Social upheavals (rarely intended by the historical actors)- German peasant uprisings (Luther is on our side right??), Crop failures
Luther’s vision did not include political freedom and therefore condemned the peasants- 75,000 – 100,000 peasants died in the revolts

7. Social and Political Developments
Areas that adopted Luther’s views- monasteries closed, clergy married, schools were established were the bible was taught- male/female literacy increased dramatically
Ministers became pastors without the special powers of the priests, churches became the centre of community activity
The speed of the spread of the reformation was incredible- 1530’s it affected all areas of Europe
1530’s- Northern Europe (Germany, Switzerland, Scandinavia, Scotland…England?)

8. Reformation Spreads Zwingli 1484- 1531- Switzerland- public morality
Anabaptists
1530 Diet of Augsburg- Charles V- war!
1555 Peace of Augsburg- “who rules the territory determines the religion”- NOT freedom of religion

9. John Calvin John Calvin 1509- 1564- personal relationship with God
1536- Institutes of the Christian Religion- the definitive coherent statement of Protestantism
“God alone determines who will be saved; at the same time everyone is obliged to live a good life, in obedience”
Rigid moral code- Church and State were separated- the state’s purpose was to act as the arm of religious belief in politics
Moved to Geneva- Religious dissent in the new religion was not tolerated- Michael Servitus (poor guy)
Witchcraft

10. England Full of papal discontent
Henry VIII “Defender of the Faith”…and then he wanted a divorce
Henry VIII used the English parliament to reduce the power of the Church and in 1534 passed the Act of Supremacy- Church of England
Monasteries closed, lands dissolved, property distributed to landlords who are now in the good books of Henry
Elizabeth I continued his plan and strengthens the church, expecting conformity, expelling dissenters (Mayflower)

11. So What? Lutherans, Calvinists, Anabaptists, Anglicans, etc…
The family became a more important unit, emphasis on home prayer and bible study, education of the masses encouraged- combination of Lutheran and Humanists goals
Rulers now looked to create churches that consolidated their power, wealth retained locally
In Catholic areas, Protestants were oppressed