1. Darwin’s theory of Evolution by Natural Selection WITH YOUR HANDS

2. Struggle for Existence.”-Malthus
”There is a
Struggle for Existence.”-Malthus

3. V
”There is variation among species. No two individuals are exactly alike.”

4. Rock Pocket Mice

5. O
“Over time…months, thousands of years, millions of years, many generations…”

6. “The environment Changes.”
Food, climate, shelter (hiding places), predators

7. “Those organisms with the most advantageous Traits …”
Color, size, shape

8. Rock Pocket Mice
Galapagos Finches
Oregon’s Horses
Peppered Moths

9. …go on to Survive
and
Reproduce

10. Evidence for Evolution – FOSSILS

11. Evidence for Evolution – FOSSILS
ARCHAEOPTERYX

12. Evidence for Evolution – HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES

13. Evidence for Evolution – EMBRYOS
Recent discoveries of the conservation of molecular mechanisms of development are even more compelling.

14. Natural Selection We Can See
The Case of the Peppered Moth

15. Case of the Peppered Moth
Peppered moths are common in England.
Variations in color: Silvery white w/gray speckles, dark gray, black.
Most common (about 90%) form pre-1850:
a mixture of white and black called “peppered.”

16. Case of the Peppered MothB b BB
Black Bb
Peppered bb
White
What type of inheritance is this?

17. Industrial Revolution

18. Case of the Peppered Moth
Pollution killed the lichen on urban trees.
Also…Coal soot coated tree trunks, turning them black.
Let’s look at lichen on trees…outside

21. Case of the Peppered Moth
Try to find the silvery-white colored peppered moth in the next slide.

24. Case of the Peppered Moth
Moth Population
1850
1950
1972
Light Colored
95% 5%
25%
Dark Colored
75%
Today, about 90% of the population is light colored. Why did the population shift back to pre-Industrial Revolution composition?

25. Biston betularia

26. Theory of Natural Selection
The dark form is more visible on the light, lichen-covered tree.
(b) On trees darkened by pollution, the lighter form is more visible.
Variation in the peppered moth.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 29

27. But look at them without color vision.

29. Theory of Natural Selection
The moths satisfy all four conditions for natural selection:
• they reproduce;
• their color pattern is inherited;
• there is variation in their color patterns;
• the different forms have different fitness.

30. Evolution Change in the frequency of an allele within the gene pool.
Caused by: Natural Selection & Genetic Drift

31. Evolution The Adaptation was the change in the moth’s coloring
Brought about by Natural Selection
Adapted to become…
Biston betularia f. typica
The white-bodied pepper-moth

32. The Black Bodied Peppr Moth
Think up some kind of analogy: Paintball, where students cannot hide in the environment, thus they all get shot. Some can hide in the environment, because their coloring, or jerseys, are different. Good, but I would have to discuss mating.
Biston betularia f. carbonaria
The black-bodied peppered moth

33. Conspicuous Behaviors
California Killifish
The fish (size of my pinky-finger) are infected by a trematode that causes abnormal behavior.

34. Conspicuous behavior (increases or decreases)
Conspicuous behavior (increases or decreases)? as Intensity of Infection (increases or decreases)?

35. FUNGUS and FUNGI Parasitic FUNGI can change their hosts behavior
“Bite & Die” example

36. The fungi Cordyceps
A victimized carpenter ant

37. Cricket Suicide Parasitic worm (larvae)
The juvenile gordian worm parasitizes land-living arthropods such as grasshopers, locusts and beetles, but the adult is a free-living aquatic species which can only reproduce in water. Inside the host, the microscopic larvae feed on surrounding tissue, and develop into long worms which can reach up to 4 times the length of the host, and which remain within the body cavity of the host as a long, coiled mass. After metamorphosing, the adult worm induces its host to leave its terrestrial habitat, and to commit suicide by jumping into water and drowning itself, so that the worm can emerge:

38. Hairworm a.k.a. Gordian worm
Larvae are parasitic…Adults are free-living
Adults can only reproduce in WATER

39. The incredible story of Phineas Gage
It all started on September 13th, 1848.
Gage was 25 years old, working on a railroad construction crew in Vermont…

41. On display at
Harvard Medical School