1. Unit 2 revision

2. DNA replication & PCR

3. 1. Describe 4 key stages of DNA replication

4. 2. Name the 3D structure of DNA

5. 3. What makes up the backbone of DNA

6. 4. 120 A bases & 20 G bases. The total number of DNA molecules is?

7. 5. Role/purpose of PCR

8. 6. Give a practical application of PCR

9. 7. What happens at 60 degrees

10. 8. Cooling it again allows what to bind to the specific sequence of DNA?

11. 9. Why is more than one primer needed during PCR?

12. 10. Eukaryotes have: Linear & circular chromosomes Plasmids only
Plasmids & circular chromosomes
Linear chromosomes & plasmids

13. 11. What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication

14. 12. Compare the leading and lagging strand in DNA replication

15. 13. What enzyme joins fragments in lagging strand

16. 14. Why is a heat tolerant DNA polymerase used in PCR

17. 15. How many DNA molecules after 6 PCR cycles if you start with 225 molecules of DNA?

18. 16. What is meant by anti parallel DNA

19. 17. 3’ end is a sugar or a phosphate

20. 18. Bond between complementary bases is

21. 19. 200 T bases and 400 G bases = how many A on complementary strand

22. 20. 2000 base pairs 400 G bases & 600 A bases on same strand
base pairs 400 G bases & 600 A bases on same strand. How many T bases

23. Stem Cells

24. 21. What two processes do stem cells undergo

25. 22. Name the two types of stem cells

26. 23. What are plant stem cells called

27. 24. Are stem cells specialised or unspecialised

28. 25. What is differentiation

29. 26. What is the function of adult stem cells

30. 27. Describe a therapeutic use of stem cells

31. 28. Why are embryonic stem cells so controversial

32. 29. What is phylogenetics

33. 30. What is sequence data

34. 31. What is bioinformatics

35. 32. What two pieces of data are needed for phylogenetic trees

36. 33. What are the 3 domains of life

37. 34. The more closely related the species, the ________ in time the divergence from a common ancestor

38. 35. Put the following in order from earliest to latest multicellular organisms eukaryotes photosynthetic organismss Land animals

39. 36. What name is given to graphs that examine differences in AA sequences

40. 37. What is personalised genomics

41. 38. Give two uses of personalised genomics in medicine

42. 39. What can be estimated from phylogenetic graphs

43. Evolution

44. 40. Agrobacterium plasmid into a plant
Vertical or horizontal?

45. 41. Plants reproduce via pollination sexual or asexual reproduction
41. Plants reproduce via pollination sexual or asexual reproduction? Vertical or horizontal?

46. 42. Plants reproduce via vegetative propagation sexual/asexual Vertical/horizontal

47. 43. Random/non random selection a) genetic drift B) natural selection C) sexual selection

48. 44. Natural selection definition

49. 45. Sexual selection deliberately increases alleles that promotes ….

50. 46. What type of populations are suspectible to genetic drift

51. 47. Two causes of genetic drift

52. 48. 4 stages to speciation

53. 49. Importance of isolating mechanisms in terms of gene flow

54. 50. Allopatric speciation is due to what kind of isolating barrier. 1
50. Allopatric speciation is due to what kind of isolating barrier? 1. geographical 2. ecological 3. behavioural

55. 51. 3 types of selection pressure diagram and what they promote

56. 52. Evidence of two different species

57. 53. Formed when the range of two closely related species overlap

58. Mutations

59. 54. What is a gene mutation Deletion Insertion Subsitution

60. 55. Describe and give example of Point and frameshift mutations

61. 56. Describe Mis sense and non sense mutations

62. 57. What causes non disjunction

63. 58. Give an example of hybrid vigour

64. 59. Name the 4 types of chromosome structure mutations

65. Making protein

66. 60. 1 gene – many proteins 2 processes to change protein

67. 61. Role of RNA polymerase

68. 62. 2 differences between RNA & DNA

69. 63. Location of transcription.translation

70. 64. The molecule made during transcription (before RNA splicing) is called the ______ mRNA

71. 65. After RNA splicing the primary transcript is now called

72. 66. What happens during RNA splicing

73. 67. What is alternative RNA splicing

74. 68. Roles of rRNA mRNA tRNA

75. 68. Draw a tRNA and label the AA and anticodon

76. 69. What is the role of an anticodon

77. 70. Diagram of translation including AA peptide anticodon codon ribosome

78. 80. What bond holds AA in place

79. 81. Name a second bond that contributes to 3D protein shape on folding

80. 82. What is meant by DNA having a triplet code

81. 83. Name and describe the function carried out by 2 different proteins.