1. The 13 Colonies and the British Empire

2. Virginia Economic Problems Political Problems
Overproduction of tobacco led to low prices
House of Burgesses tried to raise prices, merchants of London raised prices of goods exported to Virginia
Political Problems
Sir William Berkeley, the royal governor adopted policies that favored the large planters
Bacon’s Rebellion - Nathaniel Bacon led an army of volunteers against Jamestown

3. Lasting Problems
Sharp class differences between wealthy planters and landless or poor farmers
Colonial resistance to royal control

4. Labor Shortages Indentured servants - contract labor
Headright system - land in return for paid passage to Virginia
Slavery
At first, Africans had same status as indentured servants
1650 about 400 African laborers, not all in permanent bondage
1660s laws passed by Virginia House of Burgesses making Africans and their offspring lifelong slaves

5. Maryland Virginia subdivided in 1632 Created Maryland
Maryland given to George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, as a reward for loyal service

6. Maryland Act of Toleration Protestant revolt
1st colonial statute granting religious freedom to all Christians
Called for the death of anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus
Protestant revolt
Late 1600s Protestant resentment against Catholic proprietor erupted into a brief civil war
Act of Toleration was repealed and Catholics lost their right to vote for the Maryland assembly

7. Development of New England
Strong religious convictions helped sustain the Puritans
Intolerant of those that questioned their teachings
Dissenters were banished
Dissenters founded other colonies

8. Massachusetts Settlements – Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Separatists
Founded Plymouth
Puritans
Founded Massachusetts Bay

9. Rhode Island Roger Williams - Puritan minister - Boston
Taught ideas in conflict with other leaders
Banished - settled Providence
Uniquely tolerant

10. Rhode Island cont’d Anne Hutchinson questioned Puritan authorities
Banished from the Bay Colony
Founded Portsmouth

11. Rhode Island cont’d
Roger Williams was granted a charter from the English Parliament
Joined Providence and Portsmouth in to a single colony
Became a refuge for people of various faiths

12. Connecticut Hartford was established by Puritan Reverend Thomas Hooker
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
New Haven was established by John Davenport
New Haven and Hartford joined together to form the colony of Connecticut

13. New Hampshire Last colony in New England
Originally part of Massachusetts Bay
King Charles II separated new Hampshire and made it a royal colony

14. Halfway Covenant
New native-born generation were less committed to religious faith and more interested in material success
Needed to maintain church’s influence and membership
Limited religious commitment - people could take part in church services and activities without a formal declaration of their total belief in Christ

15. New England Confederation
Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven formed a military alliance to protect against Native Americans, Dutch, and the French
Confederation lasted until 1684

16. King Philip’s War
Chief of the Wampanoag, Metacom (King Philip) united many tribes in southern New England against the settlers
Thousands killed on both sides
Under direction of the confederation colonists eventually prevailed, killing King Philip

17. Restoration Colonies
New colonies were founded during a period in English history known as the Restoration
The name refers to the restoration of power of an English monarch following a brief period of Puritan rule under Oliver Cromwell

18. The Carolinas
Charles II granted a huge tract of land between Virginia and Spanish Florida to 8 nobles
Divided in 1729 into South Carolina and North Carolina

19. South Carolina
A few colonists from England and some planters from Barbados founded Charleston
Economy was initially based on trading furs and providing food for the West Indies
By the mid 18th century, the economy resembled that of the West Indies with large rice-growing plantations worked by African slaves

20. North Carolina
Farmers from Virginia and New England established small, self-sufficient tobacco farms
The region had few good harbors and poor transportation
Fewer plantations and less reliance on slavery

21. Middle colonies

22. New York
Charles II granted his brother the Duke of York the land between Connecticut and Delaware Bay
He took control of the Dutch colony, New Amsterdam easily
James attempted to control the colony with new taxes, duties, etc. but met with opposition

23. New Jersey
James in 1664 gave part of New York to two friends, Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret
They eventually sold their interests to various groups of Quakers
Confusion over property lines led to the combining of the two Jerseys into New Jersey

24. Pennsylvania To the west of New Jersey Broad expanse of forested land
Settled by a peace-loving Christian sect, the Quakers

25. Quakers Members of the Religious Society of Friends - Quakers
Believed in the equality of all men and women, nonviolence, and resistance to military service
Believed that religious authority was within oneself not in the Bible
Quakers of England were widely persecuted and jailed for their beliefs

26. William Penn Young convert to the Quaker faith
Inherited considerable wealth upon father’s death
The royal family owed his father a large debt which was paid to William Penn in the form of a land grant

27. “The Holy Experiment”
Penn wanted his new colony to achieve three purposes:
Provide a religious refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people
Enact liberal ideas in government
Generate income and profits for himself

28. Delaware
Penn granted the lower three counties of Pennsylvania their own assembly
The act created Delaware as a separate colony

29. The Rest of the South

30. Georgia The last colony
Only one to receive direct financial support from the government in London
2 Reasons for starting the colony
Britain wanted to create a defensive buffer to protect the prosperous South Carolina plantations from Spanish Florida
Thousand of people in London and other cities were being imprisoned for debt - send them to Georgia to relieve overcrowding

31. Georgia cont’d Special Regulations Royal Colony
James Oglethorpe founded Savannah
Ban on drinking rum
Prohibition of slavery
Royal Colony
Oglethorpe gave up his plan
British government took over and dropped the bans
Adopted the plantation system of South Carolina