3. Essential Question:
What factors led to the outbreak of the Civil War & contributed to Confederate successes from 1861 to 1863?
The South Has Seceded! ("Hooked On A Feeling" Parody Song)
Lesson Plan for Monday, November 10, 2008: RQ 16A, Lincoln video part 1, Secession & Civil War Notes

5. A:Seven

7. Secession & the Outbreak of the Civil War

8. Section 1
Explain why the border states played an important part in the war?
Compare northern and southern populations, industries, resources, and war aims.

9. Secession in the South
Lincoln’s election led to secession by 7 states in the Deep South but that did not necessarily mean “civil war”
Two things had to happen first:
One last failed attempt to reconcile the North & South
The North had to use its military to protect the Union
The failed Crittenden Compromise in 1860
Fort Sumter, South Carolina

10. The entire Deep South seceded by Feb 1861
The Upper South did not view Lincoln’s election as a death sentence & did not secede immediately
Some Northerners thought the U.S. would be better off if the South was allowed to peacefully secede
SC seceded on Dec 20,1860
The entire Deep South seceded by Feb 1861
“Lame duck” Buchanan took no action to stop the South from seceding

11. The Decision to Secede

12. What is the “United States”?
The Southern decision to secede was based on old arguments:
The USA was a “compact between states,” not a national gov’t “above the states”
Therefore, states could leave the Union freely & peacefully
States’ rights must be protected as a guarantee of liberty
Individuals have the right to own property (slaves) & have the right to have their property returned (Fugitive Slave Law)
Southerners had threatened secession during a Congressional debate over slavery in 1790, the Missouri Crisis of 1820, the Nullification Crisis of 1832, & the crisis over California in 1850
Threats of secession were nothing new. Some Southerners had threatened to leave the Union during a Congressional debate over slavery in 1790, the Missouri Crisis of 1819 and 1820, the Nullification Crisis of 1831 and 1832, and the crisis over California statehood in In each case, the crisis was resolved by compromise. Many expected the same pattern to prevail in 1861.
Drawing on arguments developed by John C. Calhoun, the convention held that the states were sovereign entities that could leave the Union as freely as they joined. Among the many indictments of the northern states and people, nothing seems more central than the issue of trust with respect to the capture and return of fugitive slaves

13. Secession & the Formation of the Confederate States of America
The CSA constitution resembled the U.S., but with 4 key changes: (1) it protected states’ rights, (2) guaranteed slavery, (3) referenced God, & (4) prohibited protective tariffs
On Feb 4, 1861, the Confederate States of America were formed
Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis was elected CSA president
Some wished to “let the South depart in peace”

14. The Deep South Secedes
Moderate Republicans proposed the Crittenden Compromise to lure the South back into the Union:
offered to extend the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific
promised a Constitutional amendment to protect slavery
Both Lincoln & Davis rejected the compromise leaving the North with 2 choices…
Lincoln rejected it because he was committed to free soil
The South rejected it because they had created a new nation
Allow for peaceful separation…OR…
fight to preserve the Union

15. Choosing Sides North or South?
The border states of Mississippi, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware stayed in the Union but were divided over which side to support. They played an important part in the war because of their location, and they would seriously damage the North if they seceded.
1. Mississippi could control parts of the Mississippi River and major routes west.
2. Kentucky controlled the Ohio River.
3. Delaware was close to the North’s important city of Philadelphia.
4. Maryland was very close to Richmond, had important railroad lines, and had the Union’s capital of Washington, D.C., within its borders.
Lincoln had to be cautious in his response so as not to upset the people of the border states and especially Maryland. He ended up arresting people who supported secession. His approach worked. The border states remained in the Union, but many of the citizens joined Southern armies.
Most white Southerners supported secession, but people in the Appalachian region of Tennessee and Virginia opposed it. In Virginia a movement to secede from the state and rejoin the Union grew. The separate state of West Virginia joined the Union in 1863.

16. Fort Sumter, South Carolina
In April 1861, a skirmish at Fort Sumter, SC led to the 1st shots fired of the Civil War

17. The attack rallied & unified the North for war
Effects of Fort Sumter
The attack rallied & unified the North for war
Civil War was not technically between slave states & free states (the “border states” of MO, KY, DE, MD did not secede)
Many pro-slavery border states (Arkansas, TN, NC, & VA) viewed Fort Sumter as an act of aggression by the North & joined the CSA

18. Assignment #3 Create a foldable
Read through CH 11 and fill out the following in your foldable:
Events before the war
During the war
After the war

19. Adjusting to Total War

20. Northern Advantages
At the outbreak of the Civil War, the North had lots of advantages:
Larger population for troops
Greater industrial capacity
Huge edge in RR transportation
More resources
Better banking system to help raise money
more ships
regular navy members who were mostly loyal to the Union
Abraham Lincoln’s dedication, intelligence, skill, and humanity

21. Civil War Resources How would the difference in
railroad track affect the war?
Is a greater number of states a
significant strength? Explain your answer.
Which would have been a stronger asset, the higher percentage of
Manufactured goods the North had or the higher percentage of
exports the South had? Explain your answer.
About 3.5 million people who lived in the South were African Americans. What
was the remaining population in the South? (9.135 in south)

22. Disadvantages for North
Problem for the North:
Had to invade the South to win and bring the southern states back.
Difficult to maintain enthusiasm & support for war over time because many believed south would win

23. Resources of the Union and the Confederacy, 1861

24. “King Cotton” diplomacy
Southern Advantages
Although outnumbered & less industrial, South had advantages:
President Davis knew that they did not have to “win” the war; the South only had to drag out the fight & make the North quit
Had the best military leaders at first (Military Geniuses!!!)
Home field advantage (fighting on own territory)
White population supported the war
England & France appeared more willing to support the South
“King Cotton” diplomacy
Robert E “Stonewall” J.E.B.
Lee Jackson Stuart

25. South’s Disadvantages
a smaller population
few factories
fewer resources, including an inferior railroad system with fewer than half the miles of track and fewer trains than the North
belief in states’ right that limited a strong central government’s power

27. Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan Take the CSA capital at Richmond
Take control of the Mississippi River
George McClellan was in charge of Army of the Potomac
Ulysses Grant in the West
This plan maximized the North’s industrial advantages but required better leadership than North had
Blockade the Southern coast prevent supplies from entering and no cotton exported.
Divide the West from South

28. South’s Strategy
Southern strategy was an “offensive defense”: drag out the war & strategically attack the North to destroy Northern morale
Goal win recognition as an independent nation so the South could preserve their traditional way of life, including slavery. Its strategy included the following:
holding on to as much territory as possible until the North tired of fighting
having Britain and France pressure the North to end the war
sometimes going on the attack by moving north to threaten Washington, D.C., and other Northern cities.

29. Political Leadership During the Civil War
Davis was less effective:
concerned mainly with military duties
neglected the economy
obstructed by state governors who resisted conscription
Lincoln expanded his powers:
declared martial law
imprisoned “subversives”
briefly closed down a few newspapers

30. The Diplomatic Struggle
From 1861 to 1862, the South used “cotton diplomacy” to get England & France to aid them:
Napoleon III favored the South but wanted England to do so 1st
England offered “belligerent” status to the CSA; but otherwise chose a hands-off policy
By 1863, “King Cotton” diplomacy failed because Egyptian & Indian cotton filled the European demand

31. ASSIGNMENT NOTEBOOK #8 ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES NORTH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
SOUTH