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Population Ecology Chapter 53
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A) Properties of Populations
1) Size: total number of ind. And is represented by N
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2) Density a) number of individuals in a particular area. a1) use sampling techniques like mark and recapture
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3) Dispersion a) Spacing between the individuals a1) most common is clumped
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4) Survivorship curves a) Type1 : low death for young and middle aged b) Type 2: death rate is constant at any age c) Type 3: very high death rate at young age but rate declines for older ind.
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5) Age Structure a) show relative numbers of individuals at each age
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Fig. 53-8 RESULTS 100 Male Female 80 60 Parents surviving the following winter (%) 40 20 Reduced brood size Normal brood size Enlarged brood size
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6) Trade offs between survival and reproductive success
a) Time, energy, and nutrients limit reproductive capabilities. how different organisms balance these has been selected for
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B) Population Growth 1) Exponential growth a) no predation, parasitism, or competition
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2) S-shaped(logistical growth)
a) outside factors act upon the population until it reaches carrying capacity
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C) Limiting Factors 1) Density Dependent a) limiting factors that increase affect as density of population increases
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a1) food, waste, predation, and disease
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2) Density independent a) unrelated to density of population a1) earthquakes, flooding, fires, etc.
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D) Growth Patterns 1) r-strategists - many young - little or no parenting - Rapid maturation - small young - reproduce once - example: insects 2) K- strategists - few young - intensive parenting - slow maturation - reproduce many times - Ex: mammals
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E) Human Population Growth
1) started growing exponentially around 1650 a) started here at 500 million
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b) factors that have allowed our continued growth b1) waste management b2) medicine b3) farming
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