1. Chapter 26 The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis:
War and Revolution

2. The Road to World War I Nationalism and Internal Dissent Nationalism
Liberals claimed that creation of national states would bring peace
Led to competition instead of cooperation
Brinkmanship
Internal dissent
Ethnic tensions
Growing power of Socialist labor movements
Use of war to divert revolutionary tide at home
Militarism
Conscription and growing armaments
Influence of military leaders
Military plans

3. International Rivalry and the Coming of War
New Alliances
Triple Alliance, 1882 – Germany, Austria, Italy
Reinsurance Treaty between Russia and Germany, 1887
Dismissal of Bismarck, 1890 and Wilhelm’s lapse
Military alliance of France and Russia, 1894
New Directions and New Crises
Entente Cordiale, 1904
Emperor William II’s “place in the sun” and the Moroccan Crisis
Triple Entente, 1907 – Britain, France, Russia
Triple Alliance, 1907 – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

4. Crisis in the Balkans,
Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1908 as allowed by Berlin Conference and San Stefano revision
Serbian protest, Russian support of Serbia
Balkan Wars,
Serbia’s Ambitions
Russian support of Serbia
Austria-Hungary’s determination to limit Serb ambition

5. The Balkans, 1878

6. Map 25.1: Europe in 1914

7. The Road to World War I The Outbreak of War: The Summer of 1914
The effects of the Balkan Wars prior to 1914
Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and wife Sophia, June 28, by 18-yr. old Gavrilo Princip of Black Hand Society
Germany’s Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg gives “full support” to Austria (“Blank Cheque”)
Russian mobilization
Schlieffen Plan requires march through neutral Belgium to get to France
I’m gonna
git you
sucka!

8. The Schlieffen Plan aka “oops, we pissed off the Brits!”

9. The War 1914-195: Illusions & Stalemate
European attitudes toward the beginning of war and the “war craze”
Failure of the Schlieffen Plan
First Battle of the Marne, September 6-10, 1914
Russian Failures
Battle of Tannenberg, August 30, 1914
Battle of Masurian Lakes, September 15, 1914
Austrian Failures
Galicia and Serbia – trouble with the Russians
Germans come to Austria’s aid

10. Battle Scene in Northern France

11. The War 1916-1917: The Great Slaughter
Trench warfare
“No-man’s land”
“Softening up” the enemy
Battle of Verdun, 70,000 lost (German offensive)
Battle of the Somme, (Allied offensive)
Heaviest one-day loss in World War I
300,000 lost
To draw German soldiers from Verdun

12. Trench Warfare in France

13. Trench Warfare Trench Warfare in Color From The Somme (2005)
Trench Life = Hell… “Live and let live”
Trench Magazines – B.E.F. Times

14. Map 25. 2: The Western Front, 1914-1918

15. Map 25.3: The Eastern Front, 1914-1918

16. The Widening of the War
Both sides attempt to tip the scales in their favor by gaining new allies
August 1914: Ottoman Empire enters the war for Central Powers
Battle of Gallipoli, April 1915
ANZAC Troops and “…Waltzing Matilda”
May 1915: Italy enters the war against Austria-Hungary
September 1915: Bulgaria enters the war on the side of the Central Powers
Middle East
Lawrence of Arabia ( ) Arab princes vs. Ottoman forces

17. The Widening of the War April 1917: Entry of the United States
The United States tried to remain neutral
Naval Conflict between Germany and Britain
Sinking of the Lusitania, May 7, 1915
Return to unrestricted submarine warfare, January 1917
United States enters the war, April 6, 1917
Bolshevik Revolution, 1917
Italian defeat
Failure of Western front offensives
Both sides were exhausted!

18. A New Kind of Warfare Air Power Tanks
1915: first use of airplanes on the battle-front
German use of zeppelins
Tanks
1916: first use of tanks on the battlefield
Early tanks ineffective
1918: British Mark V first effective tank

19. The Home Front: The Impact of Total War
Government Centralization
Conscription
Effects on Economies
Public Order and Public Opinion
Dealing with unrest
Strikes
Irish Revolt 4/1916
Defense of the Realm Act (DORA)
Propaganda
Social Impact of Total War
Labor benefits prestige for trade unions
New roles for women
Male concern over wages
Women began to demand equal pay
Gains for women

20. The Last Year of the War Withdrawal of Russia gives Germany hope
Ludendorff launches last German offensive, March 21-July 18, 1918
Allied counterattack, Second Battle of the Marne, July 18, 1918
General Ludendorff informs German leaders that the war is lost
William II abdicates, November 9, 1918
German soldiers, workers revolt
Republic established under Ebert
Armistice, November 11, 1918
The Casualties of the War
8 to 9 million soldiers killed, 22 million wounded

21. Revolutionary Upheavals in Germany and Austria-Hungary
Revolution in Germany
Division of German Socialists
Formation of two governments
Failure of radicals to achieve control
Revolution in Austria
Ethnic upheaval
Formation of independent republics

22. The Peace Settlement
Palace of Versailles, January 1919, 27 Allied nations: “Eternal Peace”
Lenin and the secret treaties
Woodrow Wilson, Fourteen Points
Pragmatism of other states
Lloyd George determined to make Germany pay
Georges Clemenceau of France concerned with his nation’s security
Concern over the spread of Bolshevism
January 25, 1919, the principle of the League of Nations adopted

23. The Treaty of Versailles
Five separate treaties (Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire)
The most important was the Treaty of Versailles, June 18, 1919
Article 231, War Guilt Clause
100,000 man army
Loss of Alsace and Lorraine
Sections of Prussia to the new Polish state
German charges of a “dictated peace”

24. The Other Peace Treaties
German and Russian Empires lost territory in eastern Europe
New nation-states: Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary
Romania acquired additional lands from Russia, Hungary, and Bulgaria
Yugoslavia – multinational powder keg
Compromises will lead to future problems
Minorities in every eastern European states
Ottoman Empire dismembered
Promises of independence of Arab states in the Middle East
Mandates
France – Lebanon and Syria
Britain – Iraq and Palestine
United States Senate rejects the Versailles Peace Treaty

25. Map 25.5: Europe in 1919

26. The Middle East in 1919

27. Timeline

28. The Russian Revolution
By 1900 the fourth largest producer of steel
Count Sergei Witte – Minister of FInance
Development of working class
Development of socialist parties
Marxist Social Democratic Party, Minsk, 1898
Russo-Japanese War,
General strike, October 1905
Bloody Sunday at the Winter Palace
Nicholas II granted civil liberties and a legislative body, Duma
Voting and Land Reforms of Prime Minister Peter Stolypin
Stolypin’s assassination by left…or right?
Curtailment of power of the Duma, 1907 

29. The Russian Revolution
War and Discontent
Nicholas II was an autocratic ruler
Russia not prepared for war
Government suspicion of war enthusiasm
Influence of Rasputin

30. The Russian Revolution
The March Revolution
Problems in St. Petersburg
March of the women, March 8, 1917
Calls for a general strike
Soldiers join the marchers
Provisional Government takes control 3/12/1917
Tsar abdicates 3/15/1917
Alexander Kerensky ( )- Mensheviks
Tried to carry on the war
Soviets sprang up
Bolsheviks under the leadership of Vladimir Ulianov,
Sent back to Russia in a sealed train by the Germans
April Theses
“Peace, land and bread” “All power to Soviets”

31. Map: The Russian Revolution

32. Russian Revolution (cont)
The Bolshevik Revolution
Bolsheviks control Petrograd and Moscow soviets
Army Order #1
Kerensky vs. Kornilov…Bolsheviks empowered!
Collapse of Provisional Government, November 6-7, 1917
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 3, 1918 – Russia exits WWI
Civil War
Bolshevik (Red) army and Anti-Bolshevik (White) army
Murder of the Tsar and his family (July 16, 1918)
Disunity among the white army
Role of Trotsky as War Commissar
Communists and “War communism”
Invasion of allied troops
1921: Communist victory

33. Discussion Questions
Why were so many Europeans eager for war in 1914? Did Europe’s governments share their enthusiasm?
What was “total war”? How did European governments meet the challenge of total mobilization?
Why were so many people in the United States reluctant to get involved in World War I? Why did Woodrow Wilson see U.S. involvement as a necessity?
Describe the goals of the major participants at the peace talks. How were these goals incorporated into the Treaty of Versailles?

34. Web Links World War I: Trenches on the Web
The First World War: A Multimedia History
World War I: Document Archive
The Russian Revolution
The Empire That Was Russia