1. Fresh Water Objectives Vocabulary
Be able to describe the steps of the water cycle.
Evaluate erosion and depositional processes
The Effects of erosion on water quality.
Vocabulary
Infiltration Delta Watershed
Transpiration Suspension Divides
Percolation Wetlands Discharge
Solution Foodplain Bed load
Eutrophication

2. Section 9.1 Study Guide
Section 9.1 Main Ideas
Water on Earth may follow a variety of pathways as it is recycled through the processes of evaporation and condensation.
Earth’s water supply is recycled in a continuous process called the water cycle.

3. Water Cycle
Infiltration is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil.
Transpiration - A physiological process in which water evaporates from the leaves of plants.
Percolation (or trickle through) concerns the movement and filtering of fluids through porous materials in this case the soil, and it's layers, by gravity.

4. Section 9.1 Main Ideas Infiltration of water depends on
the number of open pores or spaces in Earth materials
unsaturated pores in the ground.
All the land area that drains into a stream system is the system’s watershed, or drainage basin.
Elevated land areas called divides separate one watershed from another.

5. Section 9.1 Main Ideas - Solution - Suspension - Bed load.
Section 9.1 Study Guide
Section 9.1 Main Ideas
A stream’s load is all the material the stream carries.
This includes material in
- Solution Suspension Bed load.

6. Stream load
Solution- when silica, calcium, and sodium are dissolved in a stream’s water
Suspension - state in which small particles, such as silt or sand, are held up and carried along by the turbulence of a stream’s moving water
Bed Load - sediments that are too heavy or large to be kept in suspension or solution and are pushed or rolled along the bottom of a streambed.

7. Section 9.2 Main Ideas
A stream’s carrying capacity is its ability to transport material.
Carrying capacity depends on velocity and the amount of water

8. Section 9.2 Main Ideas
Discharge is the volume of stream water that flows past a location in a given period of time.
expressed in cubic meters per second (m3/s).
formula for calculating stream discharge:
discharge = width X depth  X velocity (m3/s) (m) (m) (m/s)

9. Section 9.2 Main Ideas
A floodplain is a broad, flat area that extends out from a stream’s bank.
Formed by previous flood events
Flooding occurs in
small, localized areas as upstream floods
large, downstream floods.

10. Section 9.2 Study Guide
Section 9.2 Main Ideas
Water from precipitation gathers at a stream’s source area, or headwaters.
The stream’s water flows in channels confined by the stream’s banks.
Tributaries are streams that join into a stream contributing more water and increasing the streams size.

11. Section 9.2 Main Ideas
Alluvial fans and deltas form when stream velocity decreases and sediment is deposited.
Alluvial fans are fan shaped, and they form where water flows down steep slopes onto flat plains.
Deltas are triangular, and they form when streams enter large, relatively quiet bodies of water.

12. Section 9.3 Study Guide
Section 9.2 Main Ideas
Lakes form in a variety of ways when depressions on land fill with water. Lakes may be natural or human-made.
Eutrophication occurs in a lake when nutrients from fertilizers, detergents, or sewage are added.
Wetlands are low-lying areas that are periodically saturated with water and support specific plant species. Wetlands include bogs, marshes, and swamps.

13. Chapter Assessment
Multiple Choice
1. What is the source of the energy that drives the water cycle?
a. evaporation c. the Sun
b. transpiration d. the oceans
The Sun is the source of energy that heats the oceans and land surface causing evaporation. The Sun also fuels photosynthesis which causes transpiration.

14. Chapter Assessment
Multiple Choice
2. What river has the largest watershed in the United States?
a. Arkansas River c. Ohio River
b. Mississippi River d. Missouri River
The watersheds of the Arkansas, Ohio, and Missouri rivers are all part of the Mississippi River watershed.

15. Multiple Choice 3. Floods that cover small areas are known as ___.
Chapter Assessment
Multiple Choice
3. Floods that cover small areas are known as ___.
a. upstream floods c. minor floods
b. downstream floods d. major floods
Downstream floods involve large areas. Major and minor refer to the severity of the flood, not the size of the area size that is affected.

16. Multiple Choice 4. Where is water flow the slowest in a meander?
Chapter Assessment
Multiple Choice
4. Where is water flow the slowest in a meander?
a. outside c. inside
b. center d. equal in all areas
Water has the highest velocity on the outside of a meander. It is there that erosion of a cutbank occurs. Deposition occurs on the inside of the meander as the water slows down.

17. Chapter Assessment
Multiple Choice
5. A wetland that is not stream-fed and receives its water from precipitation is called a ____.
a. swamp c. delta
b. marsh d. bog
Bogs tend to be rich in peat moss which is burned as fuel in some parts of the world.

18. Short Answer 6. How does stream capture, or stream piracy occur?
Chapter Assessment
Short Answer
6. How does stream capture, or stream piracy occur?
Sometimes, a stream erodes its way through the high area separating two drainage basins, joins the other stream, and then draws away its water.

19. Chapter Assessment
Short Answer
7. What has to occur for a stream to begin the process of rejuvenation?
The land over which the stream flows either has to be uplifted or the base level must be lowered.

20. Chapter Assessment
True or False
8. Identify whether the following statements are true or false.
______ Loose soil absorbs water more efficiently than packed soil.
______ Clay will be deposited before silt when stream water slows down.
______ The Mississippi River has the highest discharge rate in the world.
______ The Grand Canyon is a V-shaped channel.
______ Eutrophication causes dissolved oxygen levels to decrease.
true
false

21. Image Bank
Chapter 9 Images

22. Image Bank
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23. Image Bank
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