1. Dialects and Varieties
Deny A. Kwary
Airlangga University

2. Regional Dialects
Regional variation in pronunciation, in the choices and forms of words, and in syntax.
Dialect geography: a map of the distributions of various linguistic features.
Isogloss: a line drawn to show a dialect boundary between adjacent areas.

3. Dialect vs. Accent
The term dialect should not be confused with the term accent.
Accent: the pronunciation
Dialect: the pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar
The so-called ‘best’ English accent:
The Received Pronunciation (RP)
It is also called the Queen’s English, Oxford English, and BBC English.

4. Social Dialects
Social dialects originate among social groups and are mainly related to social class, religion, and ethnicity.
E.g. In Baghdad, the Christian, Jewish, and Muslim inhabitants speak different varieties of Arabic.

5. Styles, Registers, and Beliefs
Styles: formal vs. informal
Registers: associated with occupational groups.
Beliefs: judgement about ‘better’ or ‘worse’ varieties.