1. The Respiratory System

2. Functions of the Respiratory System
Supply oxygen to the circulatory system for delivery to the tissues
Remove CO2 (and some other wastes) from blood.

3. There are 4 processes that we call “respiration”.
Pulmonary ventilation - Movement of air into and out of the lungs
(also referred to as “breathing”).
2. External respiration - Gas exchange in the lungs between the blood
of the capillaries and the spaces in the air sacs (alveoli)
Transport - The movement of gases by the circulatory system
Strictly speaking, a function of the blood.
Internal respiration - Gas exchange between the blood and the
tissues of the body

4. Overview of respiratory system anatomy

5. External Structures of the nose

6. Internal anatomy of the upper respiratory tract

7. The larynx and associated structures

8. The Glottis
Figure 23–5

9. Respiratory epithelium

10. Anatomy of the Trachea
Figure 23–6

11. Cross section of the trachea and esophagus

12. Gross Anatomy of the Lungs
Figure 23–7

13. Bronchi and Lobules
Figure 23–9

14. Secondary Bronchi
Branch to form tertiary bronchi, also called the segmental bronchi
Each segmental bronchus:
supplies air to a single bronchopulmonary segment

15. Bronchopulmonary Segments
The right lung has 10
The left lung has 8 or 9

16. Bronchial Structure
The walls of primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi:
contain progressively less cartilage and more smooth muscle
increasing muscular effects on airway constriction and resistance

17. The Bronchioles
Figure 23–10

18. The Bronchioles
Each tertiary bronchus branches into multiple bronchioles
Bronchioles branch into terminal bronchioles:
1 tertiary bronchus forms about 6500 terminal bronchioles

19. Bronchiole Structure Bronchioles: have no cartilage
are dominated by smooth muscle

20. Alveolar Organization
Figure 23–11

21. Alveolar Epithelium Consists of simple squamous epithelium
Consists of thin, delicate Type I cells
Patrolled by alveolar macrophages, also called dust cells
Contains septal cells (Type II cells) that produce surfactant

22. Surfactant Is an oily secretion Contains phospholipids and proteins
Coats alveolar surfaces and reduces surface tension

23. Respiratory Distress Difficult respiration: due to alveolar collapse
caused when septal cells do not produce enough surfactant

24. Respiratory Membrane
The thin membrane of alveoli where gas exchange takes place

25. 3 Parts of the Respiratory Membrane
Squamous epithelial lining of alveolus
Endothelial cells lining an adjacent capillary
Fused basal laminae between alveolar and endothelial cells

26. Alveoli and the respiratory membrane

27. Structure of an alveolar sac

28. Pleural Cavities and Pleural Membranes
are separated by the mediastinum
Each pleural cavity:
holds a lung
is lined with a serous membrane (the pleura)

29. Pleural Cavities and Pleural Membranes
Figure 23–8

30. The Pleura Consists of 2 layers: parietal pleura visceral pleura
Pleural fluid:
lubricates space between 2 layers

31. COPD: Emphysema
Results: Loss of lung elasticity, hypoxia, lung fibrosis, cyanosis.
Common causes: Industrial exposure, cigarette smoking.

32. Tuberculosis At the beginning of the 20th century a third of
all deaths in people
were from TB.
Antibiotic-resistant strains
of Mycobaterium tuberculosis
are a growing problem at the
beginning of the 21st century.

33. Lung Cancer

34. 90% of lung cancer patients had one thing in common…

35. …they smoked tobacco