1. Opening Question
What is the major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

2. Cytology
The study of cells.

3. What you need to know!
The differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
The structure and function of organelles common to plant and animal cells.
The structure and function of organelles found only in plant cells or only in animal cells.
How chloroplasts and mitochondria evolved through endosymbiosis (Endosymbiotic Theory)

4. Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1670 – Dutch cloth merchant
First scientist to observe living cells
Father of microscopy

5. Anton van Leeuwenhoek Saw life in pond water First to observe Sperm
Red blood cells
Gunk from teeth

6. Leeuwenhoek's microscope consisted simply of:
a screw for adjusting the height of the object being examined
a metal plate serving as the body
a skewer to impale the object and rotate it
the lens itself, which was spherical

7. Robert Hooke
1665 – English
Named cells after the small boxy rooms that monks live in

8. Robert Hooke
He first saw and named "cells" while he was experimenting with a new instrument we now call a "microscope."
For his experiment he cut very thin slices from cork. He looked at these slices under a microscope.
He saw tiny box-like shapes.

9. Matthias Schleiden 1830 – German Botanist All plants are made of cells
"One who wishes to be a botanist or zoologist without a microscope, is at least as great a fool as one who wants to observe the heavens without a telescope”

10. Theodor Schwann 1830 - German Worked with Schleiden
Discovered all animals are made of cells

11. Rudolf Virchow CELL THEORY: All cells come from pre-existing cells
Cell Division
First Cell?

12. The Cell Theory 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. The cell is the basic unit of organisms
3. All cells come from preexisting cells

13. Cytology – the study of cells
Three basic parts of a cell
1 cytoplasm
2 nucleus
3 cell membrane

14. Two Kinds of Cells: Prokaryotic Cells
Small
Simple
No nucleus
Bacteria

15. Eukaryotic cells - all other cells
These include
protists
fungi
plants
animals
Have a nucleus
Cells contain structures called organelles.

16. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

17. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Bacteria Animal cells, plant cells,
fungi, protists
Single celled Mostly multi-cellular
No membrane membrane bound
bound organelles organelles
Very small 100x bigger
4 byo 3 byo (Endosymbiotic
Theory)
Naked DNA (nucleoid) Chromatin

18. Endosymbiotic Theory
M & C were prokaryotic organisms that were swallowed by another larger prokaryote 3-4 byo via phagocytosis
Host cell failed to digest M & C and ultimately formed a: mutualistic symbiosis with their host.

19. Endosymbiotic Theory Arguments that support ET
M & C have independent DNA
M & C DNA is similar to prokaryotic DNA
M & C multiply independently from the rest of the cell
M & C have double membranes

20. Plasma membrane
All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane. It separates the contents of the cell from its environment and regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the cell. 

21. Active cells
An actively metabolizing cell needs a large surface area. Cells are limited in size because larger cells have a smaller surface to volume ratio.

22. Surface:volume
Notice that the larger cube has more surface area and more volume but less surface area for each cubic centimeter of volume.   For any given geometric object (cubes, spheres, etc.), smaller objects have a greater surface to volume ratio (surface:volume) than larger objects of the same shape.

23. Surface: Volume
Compare the surface to volume ratio (surface: volume) of a cube that is 1 cm X 1 cm X 1 cm with that of a cube that is 10 cm X 10 cm X 10 cm.

24. Larger cube (10 cm X 10 cm X 10 cm)
The surface area of one side = 10 cm X 10 cm = 100 square cm (or 100 cm2).
There are 6 sides, so the total surface area = 600 X  cm2 = 600 cm2.
Volume = 10 cm X 10 cm X 10 cm = 1000 cubic cm (or 1000 cm3)
Surface:Volume = 600 cm2/1000 cm3 = 0.6 cm2/cm3 (or 0.6 square cm of surface area for each cubic cm of volume).

25. Smaller cube (1 cm X 1 cm X 1 cm)
The surface area of one side = 1 cm X 1 cm = 1 square cm (or 1 cm2).
There are 6 sides, so the total surface area = 6 X  cm2 = 6 cm2.
Volume = 1 cm X 1 cm X 1 cm = 1 cubic cm (or 1 cm3)
Surface:Volume = 6 cm2/1 cm3 = 6 cm2/cm3 (or 6 square cm of surface area for each cubic cm of volume)

26. Cell volume : surface area
Every cell is surrounded by a plasma membrane. Most cells are very small and therefore have a high ratio of plasma membrane surface to cell volume. 

27. Microvilli
Cells that are specialized for absorption (ex: intestinal cells) have folds in the plasma membrane called microvilli that increase the surface area.

28. Pseudopodia are temporary extensions of the plasma membrane used for movement or to engulf particles. Pseudopodia can be seen in the Amoeba below.

29. Cell Wall The cell wall functions to support and protect the cell.
Plants have cell walls composed of cellulose; fungi have walls composed of chitin.
The cell walls of these onion skin cells can be easily seen.

30. Nucleus The nuclei can be seen in the photograph of human cheek cells
The largest organelle

31. Cytoplasm – the material enclosed by the plasma membrane, excluding the nucleus

32. Cilia and Flagella
Hairlike structures projecting from the cell that function to move the cell by their movements. They contain cytoplasm and are enclosed by the plasma membrane.

33. Cell Organelles: Plant vs. Animal
ANIMAL PLANT
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Microtubules/cytoskeletons
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nuclear Membrane
Rough E.R.
Smooth E.R
Ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus/Bodies
Vesicles
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Vacuole (Large Central Vacuole)
Centriole Chloroplast
Cilia Cell Wall
Flagella

34. Plant and Animal Cell Diagram & Organelle Function Studyguide
Finish as homework if necessary!