1. Cells & Cell Theory

2. THE CELL THEORY ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS.
There are 3 parts to the Cell Theory:
ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS.
CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN LIVING THINGS.
CELLS CAN ONLY COME FROM OTHER CELLS.

3. CELL PARTS- ORGANELLES
NUCLEUS – CONTAINS THE GENETIC INFORMATION FOR ALL LIFE FUNCTIONS. DNA CONTAINS THE GENES THAT DETERMINE THE TRAITS OF AN ORGANISM – LARGE ROUND ORGANELLE
5. CELL MEMBRANE – IN BOTH PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS, THIS STRUCTURE REGULATES MATERIALS GOING IN AND OUT OF THE CELL
6. CELL WALL – ONLY FOUND IN PLANT CELLS –PROVIDES SUPPORT FOR THE CELL
7. CHLOROPLASTS - ARE ONLY FOUND IN PLANT CELLS AND ARE THE ORGANELLE WHERE PHOTOSYNTHESIS TAKES PLACE

4. More organelles
8. MITOCHONDRIA – THE SITE OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION (GLUCOSE AND OXYGEN PRODUCE CO2, WATER, AND ENERGY)-LOOK LIKE BEANS WITH ZIG ZAGS IN THEM.
9. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM – TRANSPORTS MATERIALS THROUGHOUT THE CELL – FOLDED MEMBRANES ARRANGED IN “TUBES”.
10. RIBOSOMES – ARE THE ORGANELLES THAT MAKE PROTEINS FOR THE CELL.
11. LYSOSOMES - ARE USUALLY FOUND ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS AND ARE WHERE SUBSTANCES GET BROKEN DOWN INTO SMALLER PARTICLES.

5. Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell
Has square shape
Has no definite shape
Has both a cell membrane & a cell wall
Has only a cell membrane
Contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis
Does not have chloroplasts
Does not contain lysosomes
Contains lysosomes for digestion

6. CELL PROCESSES: Photosynthesis & Respiration
TWO CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT ARE CARRIED OUT BY CELLS, AND ARE RELATED TO ONE ANOTHER ARE:
PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION
PHOTOSYNTHESIS TAKES PLACE IN THE CHLOROPLASTS OF PLANT CELLS.
14. RESPIRATION (CELLULAR RESPIRATION) TAKES PLACE IN THE MITOCHONDRIA OF BOTH PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS.

7. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
15. Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of the cells in the leaf of a plant.
16. In photosynthesis, plants use carbon dioxide (CO2) and water to make glucose and oxygen O2.

8. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Cellular respiration takes place in the cells of all living things.
18. The organelles responsible for this chemical reaction are the mitochondria (powerhouse of the cell).
19. In Mitochondria, glucose and oxygen react to produce water, carbon dioxide and ENERGY.

9. CELL PROCESSES: Diffusion & Osmosis
DIFFUSION IN A CELL IS THE MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES IN AND OUT OF THE CELL MEMBRANE.
21. OSMOSIS IS THE MOVEMENT OF WATER IN AND OUT OF THE CELL MEMBRANE.
22. Particles will move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

10. CELL PROCESSES: Mitosis
23. MITOSIS IS CELL DIVISION.
24. THE 2 DAUGHTER CELLS PRODUCED ARE GENETICALLY IDENTICAL TO THE PARENT CELL.
THIS CELL PROCESS IS PERFORMED FOR 3 REASONS:
a. TO INCREASE IN SIZE (GROW)
TO REPAIR DAMAGED OR DEAD CELLS
TO REPRODUCE (FOR SINGLE CELLED ORGANISMS, IT IS A FORM OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION)

11. REPRODUCTION
26. ORGANISMS REPRODUCE SO THAT THEIR SPECIES CONTINUES TO EXIST. 27. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION REQUIRES ONLY ONE PARENT. EACH OFFSPRING PRODUCED IS EXACTLY LIKE THE PARENT. THIS IS SIMPLE BUT DOES NOT ALLOW FOR VARIATIONS IN THE OFFSPRING. 28. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION REQUIRES TWO PARENTS. DNA FROM BOTH PARENTS IS PASSED TO THE OFFSPRING CREATING A VARIETY OF TRAITS. THIS TYPE OF REPRODUCTION ALLOWS FOR FAVORABLE TRAITS IN THE OFFSPRING.

12. CELL PROCESSES: Homeostasis & Metabolism
29. HOMEOSTASIS IS THE MAINTANENCE OF A CONSTANT, STABLE INTERNAL CONDITION IN AN ORGANISM.
IN OTHER WORDS, HOMEOSTASIS IS THE NAME GIVEN TO AN ORGANISM’S ABILITY TO KEEP CONDITIONS INSIDE THE BODY CONSTANT.
30. THE SUM OF ALL THE CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE BODY IS CALLED METABOLISM.
CHEMICAL REACTIONS ARE THE REASON WHY ALL LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY.