1. Consciousness Sleeping, Dreaming, and More

2. Did you know...
World Record – Longest period of time a human has intentionally gone without sleep (no stimulants)
Randy Gardner (1964) 17-years old
264 Hours (11 days)
Health was monitored – negative cognitive & behavioral changes were reported
After falling asleep – slept 14 hours, 40 minutes and then returned to a normal sleep schedule

3. Facts
Although some people insist they NEVER dream, research suggests EVERYONE dreams during the night
In sleep labs, people wakened from REM periods report % were dreaming w/ vivid & colorful images (even bizarre)

4. “Sleeping on it” seems to provide the clarity we need to piece together life’s puzzles. But how?
While you sleep, your brain works
Sleep: strengthens memories & selects which memories are worth keeping

5. Consciousness
Different levels of awareness of one’s thoughts & feeling (i.e. states of awareness)

6. Continuum of Consciousness
Controlled Processes
Require full awareness
Alertness & concentration interferes
w/ execution of other activities
Driving a Car for the first time
Automatic Processes
Requires little awareness,
take minimal attention,
and do NOT interfere w/ other activities
Eating while reading or watching television
Driving along familiar route
Daydreaming
Low level of awareness required
Often occurs during automatic processes
Involves fantasizing or dreaming while awake
Usually happens at time where little attention is required, repetitive or boring activities
Altered States
Result from: medication, hypnosis, psychoactive drugs, or sleep deprivation to produce an awareness different than normal consciousness
LSD
Sleep
5 different stages
Dreaming--a unique state conscious
As we sleep, we experience astonishing images (visual, tactile, auditory)

7. SLEEP HOW MUCH SLEEP DO I NEED? Humans spend approx 1/3 of life asleep
Sleep is largely related to biological clocks and circadian rhythms but how much sleep we get is often determined by the environment and 24-hour clock we follow.

8. Tells you when to eat, sleep, wake-up, etc.
Biological clocks are internal timing devices that are genetically set to regulate various physiological responses for different periods of time
Tells you when to eat, sleep, wake-up, etc.

9. Circadian rhythm refers to a biological clock that is genetically programmed to regulate physiological responses within a time period of 24 hours
Ex. plants that open up and close during a day
Studies found that humans circadian clock is naturally set to 24 hours, 18 minutes. Although sunlight helps reset the clock everyday, it would still function without it.

11. Circadian Rhythm Disorder Causes
Time zone change (Jet lag)
Shift work
Medication, Drugs, Alcohol
Stress
Effects of disrupting Circadian Rhythm
Weight gain
Impulsive behavior
Slowed thought processing

12. Stages of Sleep
The distinctive changes in the electrical activity of the brain & the accompanying physiological responses of the body that occur as you pass through different stages of sleep
EEG (Electroencephalogram) records brain waves; frequency (speed) & amplitude (height)

13. Stages of Sleep NREM NREM NREM NREM REM
The stages of sleep are not locked in permanetely. If you are deprived of sleep you may spend more time in deep sleep when you finally do sleep. If you are deprived of REM for a few ngihts (alcohol abuse can do this) you may fall into REM sleep more quickly and spend a high percentage of the night in REM sleep.

14. There are two (2) major types of sleep
REM sleep, which stands for rapid eye movement is one type of sleep. During this time our eyes move very rapidly in all directions inside the eye sockets.
Have a friend close his/her eyes and then move their eyes around rapidly. This is similar to what your eyes look like during REM sleep.
When your body is paralyzed, it is called sleep paralysis and keeps us from acting out our dreams.
If you are keeping a dream journal and have been having trouble remembering dreams. Set your alarm for about an hour and forty minutes after you will fall asleep. You will be in a REM period and most likely dreaming when your alarm goes off.
This is the time when we will dream.
Roughly 20-25% of sleep time
REM sleep remains for about 15 to 45 minutes then passes into non-REM sleep
Your voluntary muscles are paralyzed.

15. Very vivid dreams can occur.
Each REM will last longer than the previous one, and each period will increase in length as the night progresses.
Dreams that you remember are those that occurred closest to the morning because they are the longest and come at a time when you are almost awake.

16. NREM sleep. This stands for non-rapid eye movement and is the other type of sleep.
where you spend approximately % of your sleep time
Divided into 4 stages (first four)
Bed-wetting, sleepwalking, and talking in one’s sleep all occur during NREM.
Decreases in length as nights’ sleep progresses.
Night terrors occur
Sleepwalking and talking occur.

17. Morning Person or Night Owl?
Genetics play a role
Higher IQ linked to night owls
Night owls tend to be less reliable, more emotional, and more likely to have problems with addiction
Morning people may perform better in school

18. How much sleep do I NEED?

19. Why do I sleep? Repair Theory Adaptive Theory Suggestion Support
Activities during the day deplete key factors in our brain or body that are replenished or repaired by sleep
1. During Stage 4 sleep--marked by secretion of GH, which controls aspects of metabolism, physical growth, & brain development
2. Repair immune system
3. Restore energy (gylycogen) & chemicals
Adaptive Theory
Sleep evolved because it prevented early humans & animals from wasting energy & exposing themselves to the dangers of nocturnal predators
Large animals (ex: lions) sleep A LOT & wherever they want
Prey animals (ex: antelope) sleep less & in protected areas
Humans have evolved to avoid being prey

20. What if I miss sleep? Effects on the BODY: Effects on the BRAIN:
Immune system: body’s defense against viruses & toxins;
Increases levels of stress hormones
Disrupts metabolism
Effects on the BRAIN:
Irritability, unhappiness, can cause hallucinations, moodiness
Interferes w/ tasks requiring concentration (ex: recalling & recognizing)

21. Sleep Problems & Treatment
Definition
Associated with
Treatment
Insomnia
Difficulties either going to sleep or staying asleep at night
Causes: overload of stressful events, grieving loss/death, coping w/ mental health, changes in night-shift work, chronic pain, medical problems, abusing alcohol or sedative
Daytime - fatigue, impaired concentration, memory difficulty, lack of well-being
15-40% of Adults have
Establish an optimal sleep pattern
Sleep-induced drugs to reduce anxiety
Sleep Apnea
Repeated periods during sleep when a person stops breathing for 10 seconds or longer, momentarily waking up, resume breathing, and return to sleep
May wake up times a night
Daytime - exhausted; chances of developing increases when store, overweight, use alcohol or sedatives
20 million adults have
Do NOT let sleep on back
Blow air into sealed mask at night
Mouth device
Surgery (to remove tonsils or alter jaw
Narcolepsy
Excessive sleepiness during day w/ brief periods of REM sleep & loss of muscle control
BIG emotional changes can trigger
Typically begins in adolescence or young adulthood

22. Sleep Problems & Treatment
Definition
Associated with
Treatment
Night Terrors
Occur during stages 3 or 4 of sleep
Frightening experiences during sleep with NO memory of
1. Often start with a piercing scream
2. Appears to be awakened in a fearful state (rapid breathing & increased heart rate)
3-7% of children have
not much.
Nightmares
Occur during REM sleep
Frightening, anxiety-producing images that occur during dreaming
Involve danger--being attacked, injured, or pursued
Upon waking, person can describe in detail
25-70% of children aged 3-6 have
47% of college students have at least 1x a month
Regular use of anxiety-reduction techniques
Sleepwalking
Occurs in stages 3 or 4
Consists of getting up & walking while literally sound asleep
Usually have POOR coordination--clumsy but can avoid objects, engage in conversations, have no memory of
Typically begins in adolescence or young adulthood

23. Texting and sleep
2010 Research – Average teen sends more than 100 texts per day
Major cause of sleep deprivation in teens
Texts may awaken you and decrease sleep
Playing games on your phone before bed can prevent sleep
Study showed that 77.5% of teens that text or surf web at night have trouble falling asleep
Can cause mood, behavior, and cognitive problems during the day including ADHD, anxiety, depression

24. DREAMS

25. FREUD’S THEORY OF DREAM INTERPRETATION
“censor” protects us from threatening thoughts by transforming our secret, guilt-ridden and anxiety-provoking desires into harmless symbols that appear in our dreams and do not disturb our sleep or conscious thoughts

26. Extensions of Waking Life
Dreams reflect the same thoughts, fears, concerns, problems, and emotions that we have when awake

27. HYPNOSIS
Hypnosis is a state of consciousness that involves being in a relaxed state with a heightened ability to focus on specific things, while ignoring usual distractions.

28. Suggestion is a basic part of hypnosis
Suggestion is a basic part of hypnosis. Hypnosis is a state that helps a person focus attention on certain objects, acts, or feelings.
Hypnosis is an intense form of relaxation with the person fully conscious.
Approximately 8 out of 10 can be hypnotized.

29. Meditation is a form of self-control in which a person can cut off the outside world.

30. Drugs Effect Consciousness Distort perception Change moods
Cause to see or hear things
Studies found
Marijuana is most frequently used illegal drug
42.3% of 12th graders have tried Marijuana
Marijuana effects brain – impairs short-term memory, perception, judgement, motor skills

31. Drugs
National Institute of Drug Abuse study (2011) on high school students found
Daily Marijuana use at it’s highest since the early 80’s
In some measures, marijuana use is ahead of cigarette smoking
21.4% of 12th grade students used marijuana in the last 30 days
After marijuana, prescription drugs 2nd most abused
Alcohol use and binge drinking has steadily declined (53.4% in 2009 to 47% in 2010)

32. Drugs: TERMS
Psychoactive drugs - Chemicals that affect or nervous system &, as a result, may alter consciousness & awareness, influence how we sense & perceive things, & modify our moods, feelings, emotions, & thoughts, include:
Addiction - Person has developed a behavioral pattern of drug abuse
Overwhelming & compulsive desire to obtain & use drug
Even after stopping—person has strong tendency to relapse & use again

33. Drugs: TERMS
Tolerance - After a person uses a drug repeatedly over a period of time, original dose of drug NO longer produces the desired effect, so a person must take increasingly larger doses of drug to achieve same behavioral effect
Dependency - Change in the nervous system so that a person now NEEDS to take the drug to prevent the occurrence of painful withdrawal symptoms
Withdrawal Symptoms - Painful physical & psychological symptoms that occur after a drug-dependent person stops using drug

34. Types of Drugs Depressants: Slow Activity of nervous system Alcohol
Narcotics (morphine, heroin, codeine)
Narcotics – means “numbness” or “stupor”

35. Types of Drugs Stimulants: increase the activity of the nervous system
Speed up breathing and heart rate
Elevate mood, increased feeling of well being – caffeine = legal drug
Nicotine
Amphetamines
Help you stay awake or reduce appetite
Cocaine

36. Types of Drugs Hallucinogens: Produce hallucinations
May cause relaxation or feelings of pleasure
Marijuana
LSD