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World Geography: Human Patterns and Interactions Chapter One:
“Thinking Geographically”
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Geography Geographers ask two questions: Where? Why?
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Two Branches: HUMAN geography is the study of where and why human activities are located where they are, for example, religions, businesses, and cities. PHYSICAL geography is the study of where and why natural forces occur as they do, for example, climates, landforms, and types of vegetation.
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Geographers have five ways of thinking about the world:
“THINKING LIKE A GEOGRAPHER” (Chapter One: Introduction and KI#1 and 2) Geographers have five ways of thinking about the world:
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1. SPACE: Geographers observe regularities across Earth and depict them on maps. Geographers look at the distribution of space by examining density, concentration and pattern.
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2. PLACE : LOCATION – the position that something occupies on the Earth’s surface. There are four ways to identify location: Place name: toponym Site – the physical character of a place LOCATION – the position that something occupies on the Earth’s surface. There are four ways to identify location: Place name: toponym (Toronto) Site – the physical character of a place (climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, elevation…) Example Mixedwood Plains Ecozone, Canadian Shield, Arctic, on Lake Ontario, desert…)
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PLACE : Situation – the location of a place relative to other places.
Mathematical location – latitude and longitude Situation – the location of a place relative to other places. (Give the location of something unfamiliar with something familiar and allows us to understand the importance of the place.) Example: Where is LPCI located? Between Yonge and Avenue on Lawrence. By the Lawrence Subway stop. North of Glenview. East of Havergal.
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PLACE: Geographers describe the unique location of everything on Earth. MAPS are the geographer’s most important tool for thinking spatially about the distribution of features. Geographers describe the unique location of everything on Earth. MAPS are the geographer’s most important tool for thinking spatially about the distribution of features. Maps distinguish geographers from all other disciplines. Example There are many different types of maps using technology today: remote sensing, GIS, GPS.
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3. REGIONS: Geographers identify areas of the world formed by distinctive combinations of features. Geographers identify areas of the world formed by distinctive combinations of features. A region is an area of the Earth defined by one or more unified characteristics. Example, landform region, climate region, vegetation…
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REGIONS There are three types of regions:
FORMAL REGION (uniform or homogeneous region) an area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics. There are three types of regions: FORMAL REGION (aka uniform or homogeneous region) an area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics. For example, a cultural value - language, religion, an economic activity – farming, banking, political – government.
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FUNCTIONAL REGION (or nodal region) is an area organized around a node or focal point.
The characteristic chosen to define a functional region dominates at a central focus and diminishes in importance outward. FUNCTIONAL REGION (or nodal region) is an area organized around a node or focal point. The characteristic chosen to define a functional region dominates at a central focus and diminishes in importance outward, for example, the circulation area of a newspaper, trading area of a store.
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VERNACULAR REGION (or perceptual region or mental maps) is a place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity. These regions emerge from people’s informal sense of place rather than from scientific models through geographic thought. VERNACULAR REGION (or perceptual region or mental maps) is a place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity. These regions emerge from people’s informal sense of place rather than from scientific models through geographic thought. Example, neighbourhoods, your school, community,
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4. SCALE: Geographers look at a range of scales, from local to global.
Globalization is becoming increasingly important in geography as it is changing the scale of the world – it is shrinking.
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5. CONNECTIONS: Geographers explain relationships among places and regions across space.
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CONNECTIONS Because places are connected to each other, they display similarities. Geographers study the interactions of groups of people and human activities across space and they identify processes by which people and ideas diffuse from one location to another over time.
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