1. Changes in archaeal diversity during great ape diversification.
Changes in archaeal diversity during great ape diversification. (A) Alpha diversity of archaeal OTUs in great ape gut microbiomes. Box-and-whiskers plots show high, low, and median values, with the lower and upper edges of each box denoting the first and third quartiles, respectively. Species comparisons yielding statistically significant differences are indicated by asterisks (*, P < 0.05, Wilcoxon rank-sum test after Bonferroni correction). (B) Association between microbiome divergence, indexed by Bray-Curtis dissimilarity of 97% OTUs, and host divergence time (Spearman correlation; rho = 0.93, P < 0.001). Black crosses denote comparisons within all species and between species, excluding humans, and blue crosses denote comparisons between humans and other great ape species. Capped verticals of each cross denote the 99% confidence interval of pairwise Bray-Curtis dissimilarities, and the dotted horizontal lines show the range of divergence times estimated for the species pair considered. A significant correlation between Bray-Curtis dissimilarities and divergence times was also ascertained by a Mantel test (P < 0.01, 10,000 replicates).
Kasie Raymann et al. mSphere 2017; doi: /mSphere