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The Cell Membrane.

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Presentation on theme: "The Cell Membrane."— Presentation transcript:

1 The Cell Membrane

2 Overview Cell membrane separates living cell from nonliving surroundings thin barrier = 8nm thick Controls traffic in & out of the cell selectively permeable allows some substances to cross more easily than others hydrophobic vs hydrophilic Made of phospholipids, proteins & other macromolecules

3 Aaaah, one of those structure–function
Phospholipids Phosphate Fatty acid tails hydrophobic Phosphate group head hydrophilic Arranged as a bilayer Fatty acid Aaaah, one of those structure–function examples

4 Phospholipid bilayer polar hydrophilic heads nonpolar hydrophobic
tails polar hydrophilic heads

5 It’s like a fluid… It’s like a mosaic… It’s the Fluid Mosaic Model!
More than lipids… In 1972, S.J. Singer & G. Nicolson proposed that membrane proteins are inserted into the phospholipid bilayer It’s like a fluid… It’s like a mosaic… It’s the Fluid Mosaic Model!

6 Filaments of cytoskeleton
Membrane is a collage of proteins & other molecules embedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer Glycoprotein Extracellular fluid Glycolipid Transmembrane proteins The carbohydrates are not inserted into the membrane -- they are too hydrophilic for that. They are attached to embedded proteins -- glycoproteins. Phospholipids Filaments of cytoskeleton Cholesterol Peripheral protein Cytoplasm

7 Membrane fat composition varies
Fat composition affects flexibility membrane must be fluid & flexible about as fluid as thick salad oil % unsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids keep membrane less viscous cold-adapted organisms, like winter wheat increase % in autumn cholesterol in membrane

8 Membrane Proteins Proteins determine membrane’s specific functions
cell membrane & organelle membranes each have unique collections of proteins Membrane proteins: peripheral proteins loosely bound to surface of membrane cell surface identity marker (antigens) integral proteins penetrate lipid bilayer, usually across whole membrane transmembrane protein transport proteins channels, permeases (pumps)

9 Why are proteins the perfect molecule to build structures in the cell membrane?

10 Many Functions of Membrane Proteins
Outside Plasma membrane Inside Transporter Enzyme activity Cell surface receptor Signal transduction - transmitting a signal from outside the cell to the cell nucleus, like receiving a hormone which triggers a receptor on the inside of the cell that then signals to the nucleus that a protein must be made. Cell surface identity marker Cell adhesion Attachment to the cytoskeleton

11 Membrane carbohydrates
Play a key role in cell-cell recognition ability of a cell to distinguish one cell from another antigens important in organ & tissue development basis for rejection of foreign cells by immune system The four human blood groups (A, B, AB, and O) differ in the external carbohydrates on red blood cells.

12 Movement across the Cell Membrane

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