1. Part 1 Skype ID Gvanknowe
Skype Download
12/27/2018

2. The Atmosphere Apologia: Modules 3, 4, 7 and 8
A Beka: Chapters 2 and 3
The study of the Air and the Atmosphere and how we measure them
Movement of the Atmosphere - Air Masses, Winds and Storms
Weather Prediction
U of IL - Wx Course
Lyndon State Course
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3. Prep Questions Week 16 Week 17 Week 18 Week 19
(1) What role does the sun play in causing seasons and the weather?
(2) What is the composition of the air?
(3) What is the role of each component?
Week 17
(1) What are the 5 layers of the atmosphere?
(2) What is temperature?
(3) What is Ozone hole?
Week 18
(1) What factors influence the weather?
(2) What are the weather elements?
Week 19
(1) What are the factors that cause precipitation?
(2) What are the differences and common characteristics of a thunderstorm, tornado, hurricane and a nor'easter low pressure system?
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4. 1. Name for weather league Login into forecast central
reprosser76 Password
Forecast Central Case studies
Bring up
Lapse rate problems
Reading
Env Sci - cycles
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5. Current Weather Review 
Radar/Sat
US Radar
US Radar NWS
Goes Sat Page
US Sat IR
NRL Sat
US Sat Vis
NY VIS
Sfc Analysis NWS
Surface Plots
Surface 12 Hour Fcst
Surface 24 Hour Fcst
Surface 36 Hour Fcst
Surface 48 Hr Fcsts
Emergency
CURRENT SVR Wx RADAR
National Weather Situation Page  
Severe Weather Alert Link
Your Local Forecast
Local Fcsts
Rome NY 
 43.23°N 75.46°W 
Rome Griffiss Airfield
Lat:   Lon:   Elev: 504 ft Lat/Lon: 43.23°N 75.46°W   Elevation:482  
BGM Discussion 
Wx Maps
NAM
GFS
1. GFSx -Upper
2.GFSx-MRF- Precip
Long Range NWS Model
ECMWF
CPC
Datastreme
Climo
SYR CLIMO
CLIMO STAT CNY
ALB CLIMO
Other
NASA Solar Science
Solar-Sun Spot-Space-Wx
Sun & Moon Rise & Set Tables
Moon Phases
Your Sky Start Charts
Tides Maine
NOAA Space Wx
Forecast Central
12/27/2018

6. Module 2 Composition of the Atmosphere
A look from space - protection from high energy particles
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7. Overview of Major Points
Basic Terms
Meteorology: Scientific study of the atmosphere and weather
Weather: The day to day state of the atmosphere. We can “see” the weather by looking out side.
Climate:- The long term averages of weather. Can’t really “see” the climate. Difference from weather is the TIME period.
Four Components (Spheres) of the Earth-Atmos. System
Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Biosphere, Atmosphere
They all INTERACT to make weather and climate
Water Vapor MOST important component of the atmosphere influencing the weather and climate.
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8. Relative thickness of the Earth and Atmosphere
If a globe has circumference of 36 inches:
C=PI x Diameter
D = 36 in./3.14 = in
Relative thickness of the atmosphere
30km/6400km : ?in/11.46
= ?in/11.46 in
?in = x in = in
So the relative thickness of the atmosphere is ONLY 0.06 inches for a globe with a diameter of about 12 inches
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9. Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere
Ar %
CO2 ~0.04%
~0.01%
Note: H2O - Variable %
O %
N %
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10. Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere
Ar %
CO2 ~0.04%
~0.01%
Note: H2O - Variable %
“Constant” gases. Nitrogen (N2) % Oxygen (O2) % Argon (Ar) % Carbon Dioxide (CO2) ~0.04%
-Important GH Gas
Other - ~.01% ex. Ozone (O3)
Stratospheric O3 Protects Us from UV Light
O %
Water Vapor (H20 gas) Principle variable gas – most import gas that influences the weather 0 – 4.0 % Most important greenhouse gas
Note: “Vapor” means it as gas that changes state at normal earth temperature range.
N %
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11. Difference Between Inhaled and Exhaled Air
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12. Concept of Concentration
There are many way to express a concentration. The following is a list of the most common.
Parts per 100, Parts per 1000, Parts per Million, Parts per Billion
Mixing ratio: mass : mass (ex. gm per kg)
Density: mass/volume (g/m3)
Percent (relative concentration)
Example of the importance of concentration: What if O2were more concentrated:
Few more percent more fires – high O2 (over 60%) actually dangerous to breath.
Fire: Fuel + O2 = CO2 + water (burning or combustion) - oxidation
Exothermic reaction
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O + heat
Few less percent we could not breath effectively
Nitrogen (N2) is very important to dilute the concentration of oxygen.
It tends to be non-reactive as a gas has about the same mass as O2 so it is the perfect gas to keep the concentration of oxygen just right.
Many of the trace gases would be toxic or dangerous at higher concentrations.
For example CO2 and Argon are strong greenhouse gases which at small concentration are essential to maintaining comfortable temperatures on earth, but even relatively small increases in concentrations of these gases would case significant warming of the earth.
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13. Concentration problems and examples
How many parts of Nitrogen gas are there for every 100 parts of air, 1000 part of air?
Answer N2 is 78.1 % = 78.1 parts per 100 = 78/100 or 780 per /1000
How many part of Oxygen are there for every 100 parts of air, 1000 part of air? What if we doubled the concentration of O2, how would things burn?
Answer: 20.9/ / Burn faster
How many part of argon are there for every 100 parts of air, 1000 part of air?
Answer: Argon = 93/100, 9.3/1000
The concentration of carbon dioxide in the air is currently about 392 ppm (parts per million) 392/1,000,000. How many PPH,PPT, PPTT
CO2 = .0392/100, .392/1000, (3.92/10,000)
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14. A concentration of 1% is the same as 10,000 ppm.
12. Convert 1% into ppm.
Remember, we know the relationship between percent and ppm, so we can convert using the factor-label method.
A concentration of 1% is the same as 10,000 ppm.
13. The concentration of nitrogen oxides in the air today is about ppm. What is that in percent?
Remember, we know the relationship between ppm and percent. We can therefore just use the factor-label method to figure out the answer.
A concentration of ppm is equal to %.
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15. Air Pollution
What is air pollution and what are some of the most significant air pollutants? What is the difference between toxic and non toxic air pollution?
Air pollution is occurs when the air contains gases or small particle in harmful amounts. Toxic means poisonous. Not all air pollution is toxic (poisonous). Some substance such as CO2 are not toxic but are still considered air pollutants because it can have harmful effects. It should be noted that not all scientist agree with calling CO2 a pollutant.
The main types of pollutants are:
Sulfur oxides (SOx) especially sulfur dioxide
emitted from burning of coal and oil. .
Scrubbers can remove form smoke stacks
Natural source is volcanoes
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) especially nitrogen dioxide
Emitted from high temperature combustion.
Can be seen as the brown haze dome above or plume downwind of cities.
Automobiles, planes main source of NOXs.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
- From hydrocarbon fuel (gasoline) vapors and solvents (paint thinner).
Ground Level Ozone: (O3) formed from NOx and VOCs
Carbon monoxide
colorless, odorless, non-irritating but very poisonous gas.
It is a product by incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood.
Vehicular exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide.
Carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas emitted from combustion and respiration.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), harmful to the ozone layer emitted from products currently banned from use.
Airborne Lead – negative effect brain development.
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16. Catalytic converters reduced the concentration of carbon monoxide.
14. What pollutant concentration was decreased by the mandate ( law requiring) of catalytic converters?
Catalytic converters reduced the concentration of carbon monoxide.
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17. Heat source for atmosphere & Earth
1. The Sun is by far the primary
2. Volcanoes, heat from the earth, radioactivity frictional forces, How do we know this is small: day - night Δ T
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18. The Greenhouse
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19. 11. Has the average temperature of the earth increased significantly in the past 80 years?
No. The average temperature of the earth has remained rather steady since See Figure 2.6.
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20. Global Warming?
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21. Heterosphere Homosphere 12/27/2018 21 Thermal Layers
Thermosphere - Warm layer: 50 – 100 km
Warms with height
Heat Source O2 Reactions (dissociation) with UV Light
Mesosphere – Cold Layer: 30 – 50 km
Cools with height
Heat Source – Top of Stratosphere
Stratosphere–Passenger Jet Flight Level : 10 – 30 km
Heat Source O3 layer Reactions with UV Light
Troposphere – “weather layer”: Surface to 10 km
Heat source – ground or ocean surface
Heterosphere
Homosphere
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22. Important Thermal Structure Terms
Lapse Rate
The lapse rate is the rate of change of temperature with height
A positive lapse rate cools with height
A negative lapse rate warms with height
Inversion
If the temperature increases with height (a negative lapse rate) it is called an inversion
That means it it is “inverted” from the normal situation in the troposphere of cooling warming with height
Pauses
The term pause is give to the top of any given layer. So a pause is the transition level from one layer of the atmosphere to another.
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23. Ozone Layer
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24. Ozone Layer Why is it important to have ozone in earth’s air?
Ozone blocks the ultraviolet light from the sun. Without it, life could not exist on the planet.
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25. Ozone Layer
For good health, should we increase or decrease the concentration of ground-level ozone in the air?
Ground-level ozone concentrations should be decreased. Remember, ozone is a poison. We do not want to breathe it. We want it all up in the ozone layer.
12/27/2018