1. States of Consciousness
Chapter 7 Notes

2. Bodily Rhythms Ultradian Rhythms Infradian Rhythms
Circadian Rhythms: 24/25 body clocks
Examples:
Body temperature
Bathroom
Wakefulness

3. Bodily Rhythms Disruptions to rhythm: jet lag shift workers
Seasonal affective disorder

4. Sleep
Why do I sleep?
Repair theory suggests that activities during the day that deplete key factors in our brain or body that need to be repaired when we sleep. Pituitary Gland activation and increased production of immune cells are produced in sleep.
Adaptive theory suggests that sleep evolved because it prevented early animals and humans from wasting energy and protected them from the dangers of nocturnal predators.

5. Sleep Why do we dream? Freud Extension of Waking Life
Activation-Synthesis Theory

6. Sleep The 5 Stages of Sleep
Every ____ minutes we pass through a cycle of stages.
Eugene Aserinksy accidentally discovered this with his son/EEG in 1952.

7. SLEEP STAGES
Stage 1
Light sleep; Fantastic images resembling hallucinations
Body relaxes; Hypnogogic sensations: falling, floating
Irregular and small brain waves
5 minutes
Stage 2
Relax more deeply
Sleep spindles – bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity
Can be awakened without too much difficulty
Clearly asleep; Garbled sleep talking is possible
20 minutes
Stage 3
Transitional stage
Brain begins to emit delta waves (large slow waves associated with sleep)
Few minutes
Stage 4
Continual delta waves; Stages 3 and 4 termed slow-wave sleep
Sleep-walking, bed-wetting, night terrors
30 minutes
Stage 5
REM
After Stage 4 goes back to stage 3, then 2, then REM (Rapid Eye Movement)
Dream here
Heart rate rises, rapid and irregular breathing, eyes dart around, genital arousal, brain waves rapid and saw-toothed
Motor cortex is active, but brainstem blocks it messages
Muscles EXTREMELY relaxed and little movement
Cannot be easily awakened
Termed paradoxical sleep as internally body is aroused while externally appears calm
(20 minutes to ascend)
10 minutes of REM sleep

9. Sleep Disorders
Insomnia
Night Terrors
Sleep Apnea
Narcolepsy

10. Hypnosis Antoine Mesmer and magnetism 2 Theories
Orne and Evans (Social Pressure)
Hilgard (Divided Consciousness)

11. Psychoactive Drugs Depressants Alcohol Opiate drugs – heroin
Barbiturate – Valium
Nembutal (sleep aids)

12. Psychoactive Drugs Stimulants Hallucinogens Caffeine Nicotine
Amphetamines
Cocaine – blocks reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
Hallucinogens
Marijuana (THC)
LSD