1. Chapter 1 Organization of the Human Body

2. Overview

3. Key Terms
anabolism anatomic position anatomy catabolism cell extracellular homeostasis intracellular
metabolism negative feedback Organ physiology system tissue

4. Studies of the Human Body
Learning Objectives
Define the terms anatomy and physiology.
Describe the organization of the body from chemicals to the whole organism.
List 11 body systems, and give the general function of each.

5. Metabolism and Its Regulation
Learning Objectives
Define and give examples of homeostasis.
Using examples, discuss the components of a negative feedback loop.
Define metabolism, and name the two types of metabolic reactions.

6. Body Directions Learning Objectives
List and define the main directional terms for the body.
List and define the three planes of division of the body.

7. Body Cavities and Regions
Learning Objectives
Name the subdivisions of the dorsal and ventral cavities.
Name and locate the subdivisions of the abdomen.
Cite some anterior and posterior body regions along with their common names.

8. Case Study Learning Objective
Find examples of anatomic and physiologic terms in the case study.

9. Word Anatomy Learning Objective
Show how word parts are used to build words related to the body’s organization.

10. Studies of the Human Body
Learning Objectives
Define the terms anatomy and physiology.
Describe the organization of the body from chemicals to the whole organism.
List 11 body systems, and give the general function of each.

11. Studies of the Human Body (cont.)
Anatomy
Study of body structure
Dissection
Physiology
Study of body function

12. Levels of Organization
Chemicals
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
Organism
Fig. 1-1
What do specialized groups of cells form?

13. Body Systems (Organized by Function)
Protection, support, and movement
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Coordination and control
Nervous
Endocrine
Circulation and immunity
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Energy supply and fluid balance
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Production of offspring
Reproductive

14. Effects of Aging Gradual changes occur in all body systems.
Some changes are harmless.
Wrinkles and gray hair
Some changes may result in injury and disease.
Decreased kidney function
Loss of bone mass
Formation of deposits within blood vessels

15. Body Systems: Summary
(See the Student Resources on thePoint for this chart summarizing the body systems and their functions. Additional resources may be found on thePoint.)

16. Studies of the Human Body (Review)✓
Checkpoints
1-1 What are the studies of body structure and body function called?
1-2 What do organs working together combine to form?

17. Studies of the Human Body (Review) (cont.)?
Pop Quiz
1.1 Which is the most suitable field of study for an anatomist?
The structure of the stomach
The mechanism of protein digestion
Stomach cancer
Anabolic reactions

18. Studies of the Human Body (Review) (cont.)
Pop Quiz Answer
1.1 Which is the most suitable field of study for an anatomist?
The structure of the stomach
The mechanism of protein digestion
Stomach cancer
Anabolic reactions ?

19. Studies of the Human Body (Review) (cont.)?
Pop Quiz
1.2 There are numerous levels of organization in the body. The correct order from simplest to most complex is
Organ, tissue, cell, organism, system
Cell, tissue, organ, system, organism
System, cell, organ, organism, tissue
Cell, system, tissue, organ, organism

20. Studies of the Human Body (Review) (cont.)?
Pop Quiz Answer
1.2 There are numerous levels of organization in the body. The correct order from simplest to most complex is
Organ, tissue, cell, organism, system
Cell, tissue, organ, system, organism
System, cell, organ, organism, tissue
Cell, system, tissue, organ, organism

21. Studies of the Human Body (Review) (cont.)?
Pop Quiz
1.3 Which system is composed of bones and joints?
Skeletal system
Nervous system
Immune system
Muscular system

22. Studies of the Human Body (Review) (cont.)?
Pop Quiz Answer
1.3 Which system is composed of bones and joints?
Skeletal system
Nervous system
Immune system
Muscular system

23. Metabolism and Its Regulation
Learning Objectives
Define and give examples of homeostasis.
Using examples, discuss the components of a negative feedback loop.
Define metabolism, and name the two types of metabolic reactions.

24. Homeostasis Body’s maintenance of internal balance.
Body fluid balance is especially important.
Extracellular fluid
Blood plasma
Lymph
Fluid between cells
Intracellular fluid
Fluid within cells

25. Homeostasis and Negative Feedback
Critical for maintaining our health
Keeps body conditions within a normal range by reversing any upward or downward shift

26. Negative Feedback
Fig. 1-2
How does a thermostat respond to a room temperature that falls below normal?

27. Negative Feedback and Body Temperature
Fig. 1-3
How does the brain respond to an increase in body temperature?

28. Negative Feedback in the Endocrine System
Fig. 1-4

29. Types of Metabolism Catabolism Reactions that break substances down
Used to form ATP
Anabolism
Reactions that build substances up
Often require ATP

30. Metabolism What type of metabolism does the digestive system do?
Fig. 1-5
What type of metabolism does the digestive system do?

31. Metabolism and Its Regulation (Review)✓
Checkpoints 1-3 Where are intracellular fluids located? Extracellular fluids? 1-4 What is the definition of homeostasis? 1-5 What are the three components of a negative feedback loop? 1-6 What are the two types of metabolic activities, and what happens during each?

32. Metabolism and Its Regulation (Review) (cont.)?
Pop Quiz
1.4 A reaction in which simple compounds are assembled into more complex compounds is most accurately described as a(n)
Anabolic reaction
Catabolic reaction
Homeostatic reaction
Metabolic reaction

33. Metabolism and Its Regulation (Review) (cont.)?
Pop Quiz Answer
1.4 A reaction in which simple compounds are assembled into more complex compounds is most accurately described as a(n)
Anabolic reaction
Catabolic reaction
Homeostatic reaction
Metabolic reaction

34. Metabolism and Its Regulation (Review) (cont.)?
Pop Quiz
1.5 Which example illustrates negative feedback?
Decreased blood sugar stimulates release of a hormone that further decreases blood sugar.
Decreased room temperature activates a thermostat, which further decreases heat output by a furnace.
A rise in blood calcium levels stimulates release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels.
A rise in estrogen levels stimulates production of a hormone that stimulates estrogen production.

35. Metabolism and Its Regulation (Review) (cont.)?
Pop Quiz Answer
1.5 Which example illustrates negative feedback?
Decreased blood sugar stimulates release of a hormone that further decreases blood sugar.
Decreased room temperature activates a thermostat, which further decreases heat output by a furnace.
A rise in blood calcium levels stimulates release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels.
A rise in estrogen levels stimulates production of a hormone that stimulates estrogen production.

36. Body Directions Learning Objectives
List and define the main directional terms for the body.
List and define the three planes of division of the body.

37. Directional Terms
Healthcare professionals use standardized terms to describe body directions.
Superior and inferior
Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal)
Medial and lateral
Proximal and distal
All descriptions assume that the body is in anatomic position.

38. Directional Terms (cont.)
What is the scientific name for the position in which the figures are standing?
Fig. 1-6

39. Planes of Division
Anatomists can divide the body along three planes, each of which is a cut through the body in a different direction.
Frontal plane
Sagittal plane
Transverse plane

40. Planes of Division (cont.)
Fig. 1-7
Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts?
Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?

41. Planes of Division and Imaging
Some additional terms, usually “sections,” are used to describe tissues and CT (computed tomography) or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) images.
Cross-section
Longitudinal section
Oblique section

42. Tissue Sections
Fig. 1-8
Which section would cut a blood vessel in half along its long axis?

43. Cross-Sections in Imaging
Fig. 1-9

44. Body Directions (Review)✓
Checkpoints 1-7 What term describes a location farther from an origin, such as the wrist in comparison to the elbow? 1-8 What are the three planes in which the body can be cut?

45. Body Directions (Review) (cont.)?
Pop Quiz
1.6 Which term means closer to the body’s midline?
Distal
Lateral
Medial
Transverse

46. Body Directions (Review) (cont.)?
Pop Quiz Answer
1.6 Which term means closer to the body’s midline?
Distal
Lateral
Medial
Transverse

47. Body Directions (Review) (cont.)?
Pop Quiz
1.7 A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts is the
Sagittal plane
Proximal plane
Frontal plane
Midsagittal plane

48. Body Directions (Review) (cont.)?
Pop Quiz Answer
1.7 A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts is the
Sagittal plane
Proximal plane
Frontal plane
Midsagittal plane

49. Body Cavities and Regions
Learning Objectives
Name the subdivisions of the dorsal and ventral cavities.
Name and locate the subdivisions of the abdomen.
Cite some anterior and posterior body regions along with their common names.

50. Major Body Cavities The body is divided into two main cavities.
Dorsal Cavity
Two main subdivisions
Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity
Ventral Cavity
Two main subdivisions separated by the diaphragm
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity

51. Body Cavities
Which cavity contains the diaphragm?
Fig. 1-10

52. Thoracic Cavity Subdivisions Pericardial cavity Pleural cavity
Mediastinum
Which cavity contains the lung?
Fig. 1-11

53. Abdominopelvic Cavity
Subdivisions
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Fig. 1-10

54. The Nine Regions of the Abdomen
Epigastric
Umbilical
Hypogastric
Hypochondriac (left and right)
Lumbar (left and right)
Iliac or inguinal (left and right)
Fig. 1-12
Which region contains the spleen?

55. 9 Regions of the Abdomen

56. Four Quadrants of the Abdomen
Right upper quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left lower quadrant
Fig. 1-13
In which region is pain from appendicitis most likely to be felt?

57. Anterior Body Regions
Where would a pedal pulse be felt?
Fig. 1-14

58. Posterior Body Regions
Where would cervical pain be felt?
Fig. 1-15

59. Body Cavities and Regions (Review)✓
Checkpoints 1-9 Name the two main body cavities Name the three central regions and the three left and right lateral regions of the abdomen.

60. ? Body Cavities and Regions (Review) (cont.) Pop Quiz
1.8 Which organ is NOT in the abdominopelvic cavity?
Gallbladder
Liver
Lung
Small intestine

61. Body Cavities and Regions (Review) (cont.)?
Pop Quiz Answer
1.8 Which organ is NOT in the abdominopelvic cavity?
Gallbladder
Liver
Lung
Small intestine

62. Body Cavities and Regions (Review) (cont.)?
Pop Quiz
1.9 Which abdominal region is most inferior and medial?
Epigastric region
Hypogastric region
Inguinal region
Umbilical region

63. Body Cavities and Regions (Review) (cont.)?
Pop Quiz Answer
1.9 Which abdominal region is most inferior and medial?
Epigastric region
Hypogastric region
Inguinal region
Umbilical region

64. Body Cavities and Regions (Review) (cont.)?
Pop Quiz
1.10 Which anatomic adjective describes the anterior thigh?
Crural
Femoral
Popliteal
Sural

65. Body Cavities and Regions (Review) (cont.)?
Pop Quiz Answer
1.10 Which anatomic adjective describes the anterior thigh?
Crural
Femoral
Popliteal
Sural

66. The Language of Health Care
Medical Terminology
Root: main part
Prefix: starts the word and modifies the root
Suffix: ends the word and modifies the root

67. Important Medical Terms
Pathology
Diagnosis
Symptoms
Signs

68. The Language of Health Care (Review)?
Pop Quiz
1.11 The word part –stasis is best defined as
Constant
Downward
Upward
Variable

69. The Language of Health Care (Review)?
Pop Quiz Answer
1.11 The word part –stasis is best defined as
Constant
Downward
Upward
Variable

70. Case Study Learning Objective
Find examples of anatomic and physiologic terms in the case study.

71. Case Study: Mike’s Case: Emergency Care and Possible System Failure
Anatomic terms describe structures and locations such as:
Lumbar
Umbilical
Inferiorly
Antecubital
Left upper quadrant
Physiologic terms describe processes, events, changes, and signals such as:
Hormone
Homeostasis
Blood pressure

72. Case Study: Review CasePoints
1-1 The paramedics were concerned about Mike’s spinal column and his blood vessels. To which system(s) do these structures belong?
1-2 In Mike’s case, what was the major challenge to his homeostasis?
1-3 Which of these is an effector in the feedback loop controlling Mike’s blood pressure—the brain or the heart?
1-4 Two important terms in Mike’s case are hypotensive and tachycardic. Name and define the prefix and root for each of these terms. 72

73. Word Anatomy
Learning Objective
Show how word parts are used to build words related to the body’s organization.

74. Word Anatomy (cont.) Word Part Meaning Example
Studies of the Human Body
dis-
apart, away from
To dissect is to cut apart.
-logy
study of
Radiology is the study and use of radioactive substances.
physi/o
nature, physical
Physiology is the study of how the body functions.
-tomy
cutting, incision of
Anatomy

75. Word Anatomy (cont.) Word Part Meaning Example Metabolism ana-
upward, again, back
Anabolism is the building up of simple compounds into more complex substances.
cata-
down
Catabolism is the breakdown of complex substances.
extra-
outside of, beyond
Extracellular fluid is outside the cells.
home/o-
same
Homeostasis is the steady state (sameness) within an organism.
intra-
within
Intracellular fluid is within a cell.
stat, -stasis
stand, stoppage, constancy
In homeostasis, “-stasis” refers to constancy.

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