1. 5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
iii. Gymnosperms
iv. Angiosperms
- characteristics
Flower: leaf-like whorls fulfill different functions. Collectively, the ancestral adaptive value was to attract animal pollinators.

2. Pollinators forage non-randomly, and they can learn
Pollinators forage non-randomly, and they can learn. So, by bribing pollinators with nectar, and advertising the location with large colorful petals, pollinators learn to visit flowers for food – and they “trapline”, going from flower to flower.
Pollen transport is much more efficient than wind dispersal; less pollen is needed (but there are additional costs of flower ad nectar production.

3. Flowers can evolve to limit pollination to a particular type (or even species) of pollinator.
Flies are attracted to flowers that smell like carrion.
This increases the chance that the NEXT flower the pollinator visits will be a member of the same plant species.
Hummingbirds are attracted to red tubular flowers, where the nectar is too deep for most insects to reach

4. Flowers can evolve to limit pollination to a particular type (or even species) of pollinator.
Butterfly flowers offer a place to stand and probe many flowers from one place
Many bat flowers are large, to receive the head of the bat. White is common for these flowers that open at night.

5. Flowers can evolve to limit pollination to a particular type (or even species) of pollinator.
Orchids are one of the most derived groups of plants, and they show the most specialized flowers

6. In some flowering plants, the flowers have become very reduced – they no longer attract pollinators – the plants have returned to a wind-pollinated lifestyle.
Oak flowers
Ragweed flowers

7. 5. Tracheophytes
b. Groups
i. Lycopodiophytes
ii. Monilophytes
iii. Gymnosperms
iv. Angiosperms
- characteristics
Fruit: modification to ovary tissue (typically) to attract animals to consume fruit and disperse seeds.

8. Plants with dry, wind dispersed seeds are more common in fields, or in canopy trees. Fleshy fruits dispersed by animals are more common in forest understory and forest edges, where animals are more common.

9. 5. Tracheophytes
6. Summary
Algae – aquatic
non-tracheophytes: cuticle
Lycopodiophytes: vascular tissue and dominance of the sporophyte (tall)
Monilophytes: true leaves
Gymnosperms: Seeds and pollen; no swimming sperm
Angiosperms: Flowers and fruit; use animals