1. The science of implantation emerges blinking into the light
Andrew M. Sharkey, Nick S. Macklon 
Reproductive BioMedicine Online 
Volume 27, Issue 5, Pages (November 2013)
DOI: /j.rbmo
Copyright © 2013 Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Schematic representation of the early stages of human implantation. The pre-implantation embryo signals its presence to the mother by both endocrine mediators, such as human chorionic gonadotrophin, and paracrine growth factors, which act locally on the endometrium to facilitate attachment. Following attachment the embryo penetrates the luminal epithelium (LE), breaches the basement membrane (BM) and invades into the underlying stromal cells. These begin to decidualise in earnest, although in humans some pre-decidual change is evident prior to embryo attachment. A detailed description of early human implantation stages by Professor Allen Enders, together with photomicrographs, is available to view from the website of the Centre for Trophoblast Research (
Reproductive BioMedicine Online  , DOI: ( /j.rbmo )
Copyright © 2013 Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Terms and Conditions