1. An introduction to thermodynamics
Heat and temperature
An introduction to thermodynamics

2. Kinetic molecular theory
Collective hypotheses about the particulate nature of matter and the surrounding space
Greeks - earliest written ideas on ________
Current view
Matter comprised of _____________________ particles - atoms
Atoms combine to form __________________
Many macroscopic phenomena can be traced to interactions on this level

3. Phases of matter - solids
Definite _________ and ___________
Rigid ____ structure
Atoms/molecules bonded in place
Allowed motions restricted to _____________ in place only

4. Phases of matter - liquids
____________ volume, indefinite ___________
Only ____________ cohesive bonds between component molecules
Constituent molecules mostly in contact
____________ motions
Vibration
______________
Limited translation or sliding

5. Phases of matter - gases
___________________ volume and __________
Molecules mostly not in contact
Allowed motions
Vibration and rotation (molecules with more than one atom)
Translation on ____________, mostly ________ paths

6. Molecular motions
Characterized by average _____________ energy in a large sample
Temperature
Measure of __________ kinetic energy on the molecules making up a substance
Proportional to average KE
Evidence
Gases diffuse _________ at higher temperatures
____________/contraction with increasing/ ____________ temperature

7. Temperature A measure of the _____________ energy of an object
Thermometers
Used to measure __________________
Rely on thermometric properties
Example: bimetallic strips and thermostats

8. Temperature scales Defined various reference points ________________
Celsius
Conversion formulas
Fahrenheit to Celsius
Celsius to Fahrenheit
Celsius to Kelvin

9. Heat Heating methods Definition
Temperature ____________: Energy always moves from ___________ temperature regions to ______________ temperature regions
Energy-form conversion: Transfer of heat by doing _____
Definition
A measure of the internal energy that has been _______________ or ______________ from another object
Two related processes
“Heating” = __________ internal energy
“Cooling” = ___________ internal energy

10. Heat versus temperature
A measure of hotness or ______________ of an object
Based on average molecular kinetic energy
Heat
Based on ___________ internal energy of molecules
______________ amount at same temperature doubles heat

11. Measures of heat Metric units English system Mechanical ______________
______________ (cal) - energy needed to raise temperature of 1 g of water 1 degree ______
kilocalorie (kcal, Calorie, Cal) - energy needed to raise temperature of 1 ___ of water 1 degree Celsius
English system
British thermal unit (________) - energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water 1 degree _________________
Mechanical ______________
4.184 J = 1 _________

12. Energy, heat, and molecular theory
Two responses of matter to heat
________________ ____________ within a given phase
Heat goes mostly into internal kinetic energy
______________ heat
_______________ ______________ at constant temperature
Related to changes in internal potential energy
___________ heat

14. Phase changes Solid/liquid Liquid/gas Solid/gas Latent heat
Temperature
(Direction ->)
(Direction <-)

16. Specific heat Variables involved in heating Temperature change Mass
Type of material
Different materials require different amounts of __________ to produce the same _______________ change
Measure = specific heat
Summarized in one equation

17. A 0. 38 kg drinking glass is filled with a hot liquid
A 0.38 kg drinking glass is filled with a hot liquid. The liquid transfers 7032 J of energy to the glass. If the temperature of the glass increases by 22 K, what is the specific heat of the glass?
Assuming lead is already at its melting point, how much heat must be added to a 0.45 kg piece of lead to completely melt it? The latent heat of fusion for lead is 2.32E4 J/kg.