1. E-Charging Infrastructure…A Discom Perspective
Munish Sharma
Head – Business Analytics
BSES Rajdhani & Yamuna Power Limited 1

2. Coverage
Market Developments
Technological Trends
Discom Perspective
Business Models
Way Forward..

3. Global EV Outlook
By 2040, 54% of new car sales and 33% of the global car fleet will be electric
China, the U.S. and Europe make up over 60% of the global EV market in 2040.
Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) leave plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV) behind.
Lithium-ion battery demand from EVs will grow from 21GWh in 2016 to 1,300GWh in 2030.
Electricity consumption from EVs will rise to 1,800TWh by 2040 from 6TWh in While this represents just 5% of projected global power consumption in 2040, the ‘peakiness’ of fast-charging load profiles will need to be managed by utilities and regulators through the introduction of time-of-use rates to encourage off-peak charging, as well as storage solutions at the operator site which can mitigate high power demand from the grid.

4. China is having 81% market Share of Fast Chargers
E Vehicle Charging
China is having 81% market Share of Fast Chargers

5. Market Development - India
EESL has awarded contract for procurement nos. E Vehicles. The vehicles will be used for Government fleet only
NTPC has floated a tender for installation of 400 nos. E Charging Stations in NCR region in Government Buildings
Mahindra in consortium with OLA has started E vehicle fleet of 50 nos vehicles in Nagpur as a Pilot Project
Fortum Oyj, the Finnish clean energy parent company of Fortum India, signed a memorandum of understanding with NBCC (India) Limited, a Government of India enterprise, to bring this cloud-based back-end infrastructure for electric vehicles to India.
Sales of electric vehicles in India grew by 37.5% to 22,000 units in the year ended 31 March, according to industry lobby group Society of Manufacturers of Electric Vehicles (SMEV).
At these levels, India remains miles away from its objective of selling 6 million electric vehicles by 2020, a vision stated by the government through the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) 2020 and FAME (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles).

6. Indian Government Initiatives for E Vehicle Adoption
Source : Niti Ayog

7. Indian Government Initiatives for E Vehicle Adoption
Source : Niti Ayog

8. Indian Government Initiatives for E Vehicle Adoption
The Government wants only Electric Vehicles to ply on Indian roads by 2030.
Source : Niti Ayog

9. Market Developments
Technological Trends
Discom Perspective
Business Models
Way Forward

10. E Vehicle Charging
The EVSE suitable for electric cars has three main characteristics:
level, describing the power output of an EVSE outlet
type, referring to the socket and connector being used for charging
mode, which describes the communication protocol between the vehicle and the charger.
International standardization bodies and other associations define these characteristics through standards. .
CHAdeMO, an association of vehicle manufacturers and utilities, also became active in this area in 2009
CharIN is a similar association, established in 2015, with a broader scope in terms of membership and representation across the automotive sector

11. E Vehicle Charging Overview of the level (power output) and type
Classification
Level
Current
Power
Type
Level 1 AC
<4 KW
Mainly for private household
Slow Charger
Level 2
>4 KW and <22 KW
For Vehicles
<22 KW
Tesla Connector
Fast Charger
Level 3
> 22 KW and <44 KW DC
<200 KW
Under Development
<150 KW
Tesla and CHAdeMO Connectors
PEV Charging Equipment by Use
Category
Use Case
Park/ Charge Time
Charger Type
Home
Single family Home
Overnight (~8 hrs)
L1, L2
Multi unit dwelling
Work
Workplace Charging
Workday (~6 hrs)
Public
Short – Medium Dwell (e.g. Retail)
1-2 hours L2
Long – Dwell ( e.g. airports)
2-4 hours or longer
Metro based (Intra City)
~30 minutes or less
DCFC
Long Distance (Inter City)

12. Impact on Network
The electricity system should become robust enough to cope with a fully electrified fleet
It is estimated that in 2035 a hypothetical share of 10% EVs will have an impact of up to 82TWh5 on the electricity demand in the EU.
While EV charging is feasible in terms of the total amount of consumed energy (kWh), it could nonetheless have a huge impact on demand (kW) at certain times in certain areas.
Charging will therefore need to be smartly coordinated by means of smart ICT systems in order to prevent foreseen evening peak loads and resulting in either transformer or cable overloads.

13. E Vehicle Charging – Level 1
Home Charge Points
First 2000 installed for free
16/32 amps, single-phase
Fed from customer distribution board

14. E Vehicle Charging – Level 2
Public AC Charge Points
22kW double socket (three-phase 32 amps)
RFID card reader
GPRS communications with back office
Internal MID metering

15. E Vehicle Charging - DCFC
Fast Charge Points
DC – CHAdeMO 50kW
DC/AC – CCS 50kW
Fast AC – 44kW

16. Market Developments
Technological Trends
Discom Perspective
Business Models
Way Forward

17. BSES pioneered in EV charging infra in Delhi
First charging port offered in 2010.
First tie up with Reva (now M&M)
Offered charging facilities across 30 grid stations in the license area
Response was luke warm due to cost of EV automobile technology & lack of Regulatory guidelines.

18. EV Impact: Discom Perspective
Technical
EV load being non-linear can cause harmonic distortion, DC offset, phase imbalance, and Voltage deviations in the distribution network.
With the high loading conditions (as occurred during fast charge), the distribution licensees need to build resilience by Network expansion.
Tariff related
India requires substantial boost through development of EV charging infrastructure, thus there is tariff impact of Discom’s investment.
Legal/ Regulatory
In the context of Electricity Act 2003 (The Act) provisions, following three business models are feasible:
Discom Owned EV charging infrastructure,
Discom Controlled (Franchised) EV charging infrastructure &
Privately-owned battery swapping stations

19. Business Models in E Vehicle Charging – Legal Aspect
Investor
Tariff
Scalability
Integration potential
DISCOM Owned
DISCOM
SERC
High
DISCOM Controlled
Franchisee
Medium
Privately Owned (Battery Swapping Model)
Private Player
Low

20. Business Models in E Vehicle Charging – Discom perspective
CAPEX
OPEX
Regulatory Approval
Manpower Deployment
Revenue Sharing
Ownership :
Own and Operate E Charging Infrastructure
Yes
Self Revenue
EPC Model :
Own by other but operate and maintain by Discom No
Sharing
O&M Model:
Owned & operated by other. Discom responsible for supply.
Sharing of fixed cost only
Utility Services:
Provide connection as per others requirement NA

21. Battery Swapping stations
Grid
Consumer (EV)
Advantages
Suitable for congested area
No need for parking requirements
Lead Time will be faster
Battery Bank can be used as Energy Storage during Peak load requirements
Grid Connected Battery bank
20 Batteries (500 kVA approx)

22. Impact on BSES Grid – Macro Level Analysis
Assumptions taken
For 50,000 no. vehicles & 200 MW load.
There is requirement of designing tariff structure to promote charging during off – peak hours
Suitable technology inductions to integrate Solar, E Charging & Energy storage loading

23. Global Regulatory Interventions
Regulators played a pro-active role in promotion of EVs & have directed or in some cases mandated Discoms to invest in EV charging infrastructure. Key interventions are:
US Regulators (California & Vermont) have approved the CAPEX towards EV Supply Equipment (EVSE) installations as a part of rate base.
Discoms have offered attractive TOD tariffs to promote off-peak charging and also played a key role in the development of Public charging infrastructure.
Besides, Discoms in US, Japan and China are experimenting with utilization of EVs as grid assets, either by using them as a demand response resource or for providing ancillary services through Vehicle-to-Grid technologies.

24. Market Developments
Technological Trends
Discom Perspective
Business Models
Way Forward

25. Proposed Business Models in EV Charging
(1) Regional fast charging networks :
For major private and public enterprises, like retail chains, hotel groups and utilities, there are business opportunities around inter-regional and inter-city infrastructure gaps. Considerable long-term partnership work and internal resources are typically required.
Consumer-facing businesses with existing or planned premises can gain competitive advantage from marketing and branding opportunities and have EV charging as part of their customer experience.
(2) Local, small businesses initiatives :
Tourist destinations typically compete on accommodation, services, activities and accessibility. With poor accessibility, visitor numbers decline, and businesses suffer.
For towns, cities and attractions that rely on highway access for visitors, EV infrastructure is becoming vital, and it's a business opportunity.
The accessibility needs of self-drivers are changing as more drivers switch to electric vehicles. By 2020, the tourist destinations with the best EV charging infrastructure will be the most accessible to the new generation of electric drivers.

26. Business Models in E Vehicle Charging
(3) Commercial EV charging :
Retailers, shopping centers, hotels, fast food outlets, car parking providers and all kinds of business with off street parking can now offer EV charging with low effort.. 
Resellers and Charging Point Network Operators (CPNOs) offer turnkey solutions. Solutions often include a Charging Point Management System (CPMS) that handles user authorization (typically by RFID card). Success with this relies on hardware with reliable, advanced connectivity.
(4) E-fleets and enterprises:
In major corporations, e-fleet adoption is increasing. The need to meet sustainability targets and demand from employees mean fleet managers are turning to EVs. However, the biggest driver of fleet EV adoption is the compelling business case.
(5) Municipalities/ Sustainable e-mobility :
Local councils and other local bodies across Europe are under pressure to demonstrate their commitment to e-mobility and encourage the transition to electric vehicles for residents and businesses.

27. Market Developments
Technological Trends
Discom Perspective
Business Models
Way Forward

28. Way forward
Availability of charging infra is pre-requisite as it helps overcome range anxiety.
Regulators/ Discoms have a key role to play in development of charging infrastructure and establishing clear pricing policies.
PPPs have been successful in deployment of infrastructure, supplementing the consumer awareness efforts as well as providing independent incentives to the consumers.
Policy framework interventions is required as follows:
Technical Impact & meeting Network requirements & Reliability
Legal aspects and adoption of suitable business models for Discoms/ Charging Infra developers.
Tariff structure to ensure cost coverage.

29. Thank You
Munish Sharma