1. Bell Ringer:
Identify the directional term that corresponds with each phrase below
a. towards the feet
b. towards the outside
c. closer to point of attachment
d. towards the front

2. Orientation to the Body!
Chapter 1 Notes
Orientation to the Body!

3. Complementarity of Structure and Function Principle
What a structure can do depends on its specific form.
ex. Bones support and protect because they contain hard mineral deposits.
ex. Blood flows in one direction because of valves in heart
ex. Lungs are site of gas exchange because the walls of air sacs are extremely thin.

4. General Organization of Body
Axial Portion - head, neck, trunk
Appendicular Portion - arms & legs
1. Several body cavities 2. Layers of membranes within cavities 3. Variety of organs and organ systems within cavities (VISCERA = internal organs. "Visceral organs")

5. Levels of organization

6. Necessary Life Functions
Maintain boundaries- internal environment is separate from external
Movement- all activities by muscular system
Responsiveness- ability to sense changes
Digestion- breaking down food
Metabolism- all chemical reactions in body
Excretion- removing wastes from body
Reproduction- growth and repair and reproduction of organism as a whole
Growth- increase in size of body part or cell

7. Survival Needs Ultimate Goal: Maintaining life!
Nutrients-macromolcules
Oxygen-chemical reactions are oxidative
Water % of body weight
Appropriate temperature-chemical reactions
Atmospheric pressure-breathing depends on appropriate atmospheric pressure and in appropriate amounts
Homeostasis-maintaining stable internal conditions

8. Homeostasis
Ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously.
Communication is essential for homeostasis. This is accomplished chiefly by the nervous and endocrine systems (electrical impulses or hormones).

9. Negative Feedback Mechanism
The results of the response depress the stimulus.
These mechanisms cause the variable to change in a direction opposite to that of initial change returning it to its “ideal” value.
Example: body temperature

10. Positive Feedback Mechanism
The result or response enhances the orginal stimulus so that the activity is accelerated.
Likely to race out of control, and so they are rarely used to promote the moement-to moment well being of the body.
Example: child birth (oxytocin)

12. Homeostasis Posters!
Choose one of the following functions your body performs and draw the diagram describing how your body maintains homeostasis for the variable.
* be sure to include :
the variable, receptor, control center and effector
body systems affected
organs/glands involved
chemicals signals /hormones involved
positive or negative feedback mechanism
Choose from:
Labor contractions
Hyperthermia
Blood volume
Blood glucose
Blood clotting
Ovulation
Heart rate
Withdrawal reflex