1. Never work with children or animals
David I Campbell
Consultant Paediatric Gastroenterologist Sheffield Children’s Hospital

2. I don't care to belong to a club that accepts people like me as members. Groucho Marx

3. A characteristic of the normal child is
he doesn't act that way very often
Even when freshly washed and relieved of all
obvious confections, children tend to be sticky. 
Fran Lebowitz
Children are unpredictable.  You never know what
inconsistency they're going to catch you in next. 
Franklin P. Jones

4. Paediatric pharmacology
50-90% agents used in children not for their primary use.
Practice by extrapolation of dose and risk.
Especially high usage of off-label and licence in complex rare diseases.

6. ….and in humans

7. GORD Corner stone of treatment
Feed thickeners
Prokinetics
Antacids
Ranitidine 3mg/kg tds
Omeprazole 1mg/kg od

8. The “What” of GORD
Lower oesophageal sphincter
Muscle
Nerve
Mucosa

9. A less commonly recognised side effect of PPI’s

10. Less commonly recognised side effect of PPI’s
C. difficile colitis
3 month usage, any agent.
“Less is more” approach
Drug holidays
Advise GP’s to screen stools if child develops diarrhoea

11. Eosinophilic Esophagitis

12. Therapies for EE In paediatric practice close association with GORD.
Often continue PPI
5 food elimination diet
Budesonide 500mcg in 15mls of simple Syrup (od/bd)

13. IBD The phenomenon
40 : 100,000
Incidence of Crohn’s risen 3 fold in last 10 years.
UC also rising
Younger age of onset
More severe paediatric disease phenotype
Crohn’s more colonic disease

14. What is it?
Idiopathic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract classified as:
Crohn’s disease (involving anywhere along the GI tract from mouth to anus).
Ulcerative colitis (involving the large bowel only, but in a confluent manner).
Indeterminate colitis (colonic disease but with atypical features).

15. Crohn’s Disease Patchy transmural inflammation Perianal disease
Granulomatous inflammation

16. Ulcerative Colitis

17. Strategies Induce remission and then maintain remission.
Induction of remission: Steroids, liquid nutritional therapy, biological agents, cyclosporin, surgery.
Maintenance of remission: 5-ASA, low dose steroids, azathioprine, biologicals.

18. Drugs 5-aminosalicylates Mild to moderate UC.
Mechanism of action unclear.
Recent warnings to remember monitor U+E 6-12 monthly.
Headaches (mesalazine associated with myocarditis).

19. Steroids Both induction (can be IV) and occasionally maintenance (UC).
Both extremes of excessive use and fear.
Concurrent use of ranitidine with high doses (prednisolone 2mg/kg).

20. Steroids II Use of higher doses?
Induction of remission in fulminant colitis or steroid resistance: IV hydrocortisone, methyl pred or dexamethasone.
GVHD or allograft rejection 20mg/kg methyl pred
Doses above 100mg qds hydrocortisone no more effective in IBD.
If unresponsive consider surgery (cyA for UC or IFX).

21. Azathioprine 6-TG prodrug. TPMT status.
HGPRT
60% Chance of maintenance of remission long term in Crohn’s.

22. Why is azathioprine a good drug?
Mainly dose dependant side effects that can be screened.
Haematological
Renal
Hepatitis
“Pancreatitis”
How do we screen.

23. Regular blood monitoring

24. Biologicals

25. Infliximab Chimeric mouse antibody Blocking Th1 memory cells.
Antibody mediated cell lysis.
Induction of lymphocyte apoptosis.

26. Alternatives to Remicade®
Humira (Adalimumab)
(Visilizumab, etanercept): Not effective
Certolizumab-Crohn’s
Natalizumab (Crohn’s and UC) Astrocytoma and Multifocal leukoencephalopathy

27. Effectiveness of Remicade®
80% reduction in hospitalization, 50% reduction in surgery (fistulating disease).
Accent trial showed early response from day 1 high predictor for long term remission (with maintenance treatment), steroid withdrawal

28. Biologicals Cancer risk Infections
1:1000 but HSTL
Only 15 cases, but all Crohn’s related
Lower risk but also other NHL with aza/6MP.
Infections
Serious infections 4%, all infections 10%
TB, nocardia, gram negative, listeria

29. But children and animals might lead the way.
Single gene disorders that potently
Inhibit the immune system.
Chronic gut inflammation
Autoimmune disease

30. “Never” work with children or animals?
We get unique insights in to pathophysiology of disease from both.
New drugs have been developed from single gene disorders (particularly in mouse knock-out models).
Risk of c. difficile in long term PPI use.

31. Conclusions II
Incidence of EE rising, second line treatment focusing on budesonide.
Reminder of some of issues with IBD drugs particularly biologicals.
Risk of cancers, severe acute allergic reactions and sepsis, but still a highly effective form of treatment.

32. Thank you for your attention
Any questions?