1. Rivers & Groundwater

2. Water Cycle Transpiration Run off Infiltration Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation
Transpiration
Run off
Infiltration
Evaporation
Ground water

3. Water budget v. Financial budget
Continuous cycle of evapotranspiration , condensation, and precipitation. Affected by temperature, vegetation, wind, precipitation and
-Vary by location
Evaporation, transpiration,
Water budget
Incoming (increase):
Precipitation
Condensation
Outgoing (Decrease):
Evapotranspiration
Financial budget
Incoming:
Paycheck
Misc. income
Outgoing:
Expenses

4. Geography water budgets
Decrease water budgets
Increased water budgets
Dry areas: Deserts, Plains, Mountainous areas (rain shadow) High evaporation (more direct sunlight) less rain
Wet areas: Rain forests, Swamps, Marshes Low evaporation and more rain

5. Michigan’s water budget

6. Water usage

7. Common river features Beginning of a stream (high elevation)
Describe common river system features • Headwaters • Meander • Watershed • Oxbow • Tributary • Cutbank • Divide • Point Bar • Floodplain • Delta
Beginning of a stream (high elevation)
Bend/curve in a river
Land that allows runoff water to enter a stream/river
Lake that is left after river changes direction (old meander)
Outside section of meander, high erosion area
Feeder stream
Inside section of meander, eroded material (sediment) deposited here
Land that separates water sheds
Valley that can be covered by water in flood conditions
Fan shaped deposit at the mouth of a stream (before enters the sea)

8. Diagram headwaters divide watershed tributary oxbow Floodplain cutbank
delta
meander
point bar

9. 3 Ways that rivers erode sediment
Headward:
process of lengthening and branching of a stream where the run off first occurs
* carries away sediment from the slopes of the watershed
Downcutting:
process that deepens the channel of a stream or valley by removing material from the stream's bed or the valley's floor.
*erodes sediments down creating deeper channel
Meandering:
moving water in a stream erodes the outer banks and widens its valley, and the inner part of the river has less energy and deposits silt.
*erodes side to side to side

10. Sediment carried by streams (stream load)
Bed Load: Coarse sand, gravel and pebbles Sliding, rolling or Saltation Suspended Load: Particles of fine sand and silt Moving water keeps them suspended (very small) Dissolved load: Mineral matter transported Transported in dissolved liquid solution

11. Stream Gradient Narrow channels Small flood plains Downcutting
Stream gradient :is the grade measured by the ratio of drop in elevation of a stream per unit horizontal distance, usually expressed as feet per mile or meters/kilometers.
Gradient = Velocity=
Young Streams/ Rivers
Narrow channels
Small flood plains
Downcutting
Deep slopes
Waterfalls
Change in elevation
Distance
Change in distance
Time
Older Rivers
Wide channels
Large flood plains
lateral erosion
gentle slopes

12. Destruction of wetlands (natural flood protection) Pavement
Flooding
-overflow of water that submerges land which is usually dry.
Natural flooding:
heavy rain fall
Snow melting
Hurricanes
Human based:
Dams
Destruction of wetlands (natural flood protection)
Pavement

13. Ground water
Porosity: is a measure of the void (i.e., "empty") spaces in a material. High= gravel Low=clay

14. Groundwater
Permeability: is a measure of the ability of a porous material (rock, or sediment) to allow fluids to pass through it. In other words how quickly water passes through open spaces (pores).

15. Zones of groundwater
Zone of Aeration: Space between Earth’s surface and water table, spaces or pores filled with air. (unsaturated zone)

16. Zones of groundwater
Zone of Saturation : All pores are filled with water. Water table: upper surface or start of saturation zone

17. Ground water
Aquifer:  is an underground layer of water- bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (sandstone, limestone)

18. Ground water
Aquitard:  is a zone within the earth that restricts the flow of groundwater from one aquifer to another. (shale)

19. Wells
Ordinary well: water is pumped to surface from below the water table Artesian well: water flows from far away, no pumping needed

20. Superior
Huron
Ontario
Michigan
St. Clair
Erie