1. Brief description of results on genomic selection of CIMMYT maize in Africa (Yoseph Beyene et al.)
Several populations each with 200 F2 x tester individuals genotyped with 200 SNPs and evaluated in DROUGHT and OPTIMUM environments.
C0 200 F2 x tester individuals genotyped with 200 SNPs and evaluated in DROUGHT and OPTIMUM environments. Phenotypic selection of the best plants to form C1
Cross the C1, genotyped them, and make predictions to form the C2 plants.
Cross the C2, genotyped them, and make predictions to form the C3 plants.
Evaluated all cycles of selection together with checks, parents, pedigree, etc. in a field experiment.

2. Table 1. Mean grain yield performance (Mg ha-1) at cycle 0 (C0), cycle 1 (C1), cycle 2 (C2), cycle 3 (C3), F1, pedigree-selected lines and commercial checks for the eight bi-parental populations evaluated in four managed drought stress environments, and average grain yield gains per selection cycle including and excluding C0.
Entries
Across eight populations
Three DTMA populations
Five WEMA populations GY
(Mg ha-1) AD
(days) PH
(cm) C0
2.286
63.910
2.410
63.670
2.212
64.060 C1
2.420
64.080
2.319
63.940
2.482
64.160 C2
2.438
64.410
2.378
64.830
2.474 C3
2.593
64.100
2.613
64.720
2.581
63.730
Pedigree
2.417
64.400 - F1
2.394
63.930
Parents
2.361
64.000
2.186
64.130
2.431
63.950
Checks
2.180
64.310
2.191
2.169
64.700
LSD0.05
0.219
0.700
5.260
0.342
1.130
6.900
0.257
0.850
6.320
Average gain per cycle (C0, C1, C2, C3)
0.094
0.090
0.960
0.069
0.404
1.720
0.110
-0.105
0.520
Average gain per cycle (C1, C2, C3)
0.086
0.010
0.150
0.151
0.390
2.450
0.050
-0.215
-1.250

3. Table 1. Mean performance for grain yield (Mg ha-1), anthesis date (days), and plant height (cm) at cycle 0 (C0), cycle 1 (C1), cycle 2 (C2), cycle 3 (C3), hybrid (F1), and pedigree-selected lines for all eight bi-parental populations evaluated in four managed drought stress environments, and average grain yield, anthesis days and plant height per selection cycle including and excluding C0.
CML440/CML504
CML441 /CML444
CML444/Malawi
6x1008
6x1016
6x1017
6x1020
6x1028
Grain yield (Mg/ha)
Cycle0
2.171
2.517
2.540
2.283
2.261
2.532
2.141
1.844
Cycle1
2.592
2.237
2.129
2.697
2.583
2.384
2.317
2.429
Cycle2
2.185
2.333
2.562
2.471
2.573
2.965
2.263
2.098
Cycle3
2.622
2.387
2.883
2.754
2.918
2.375
2.734
2.127 F1 -
2.28
2.957
2.120
2.436
2.177
Parents
2.133
2.248
2.181
2.635
2.464
2.446
2.4
2.214
Pedigree
2.47
2.423
2.456
2.327
2.413
LSD0.05
0.832
0.831
0.536
0.631
0.516
0.392
0.498
0.430
Average gain per cycle (C0, C1, C2, C3)
0.095
-0.040
0.146
0.119
0.192
0.011
0.173
0.052
Average gain per cycle (C1, C2, C3)
0.015
0.048
0.377
0.029
0.168
-0.005
0.208
-0.150

4. About 2.5 cycles of genomic selection in 1 year
with an average increase of Mg ha-1
per cycle under DROUGHT. This means about
0.173 Mg ha-1 of gains per year.

5. About 2.5 cycles of genomic selection in 1 year
with an average increase of Mg ha-1
per cycle under DROUGHT. This means about
0.124 Mg ha-1 of gains per year.

8. RESULT ON RAPID CYCLING SELECTION BASED ON MARKERS ON OTHER BIPARENTAL POPULATIONS

9. Across 10 biparental populations – OPTIMUM ENVIRONMENTS
Grain Yield
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
Group
Cycle3
Cycle2
Cycle1
Cycle0 F1
Parents
Pedigree
Checks

10. Three cycles of marker only selection in 1.5 years
Across 10 biparental populations – OPTIMUM ENVIRONMENTS
Gran yield (ton. ha-1)= Cycle
Grain Yield (ton ha-1)
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
Cycle
Cycle0
Cycle1
Cycle2
Cycle3
Three cycles of marker only selection in 1.5 years
Overall genetic gain is times higher than from conventional breeding reported in sub-Saharan Africa.

11. Across 10 biparental populations – DROUGHT ENVIRONMENTS
Grain yieldY
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
Group
Cycle3
Cycle2
Cycle1
Cycle0 F1
Parents
Pedigree
Checks

12. Three cycles of marker only selection in 1.5 years
Across 10 biparental populations – DROUGHT ENVIRONMENTS
Grain Yield (ton. ha-1) = Cycle
Grain Yield (ton. ha-1)
2.0
2.5
3.0
Cycle
Cycle0
Cycle1
Cycle2
Cycle3
Three cycles of marker only selection in 1.5 years
Overall genetic gain is times higher than from conventional breeding reported in sub-Saharan Africa.

13. Performance of hybrids developed through marker selection vs conventional breeding
Pop 5 - Managed Drought 
GY (t/ha)
% P
% C
C3S2
2.8
24.0
40.4
2.7
18.9
36.3
2.6
18.7
36.2
18.5
36.0
16.4
34.4
Mean Pedigree
2.2
Mean of checks
1.7
LSD
0.7 CV
17.8
Heritability
0.4
No of Locations 1
Pop 5 - Optimum
7.0
15.2
31.4
6.9
14.0
30.4
13.0
29.6
6.6
9.8
27.0
9.6
26.9
6.0
4.8
1.0
8.1
0.6 4
Pop 7 - Managed drought 
GY (t/ha)
% P
% C
C3S2
4.1
30.6
43.7
3.7
22.9
37.5
3.5
19.2
34.4
17.9
33.4
17.6
33.2
Mean Pedigree
2.8
Mean of checks
2.3
LSD
1.0 CV
17.3
Heritability
0.2
No of Locations 2
Pop 7- Optimum
% P
6.4
8.9
12.1
8.8
12.0
6.3
7.2
10.5
6.2
6.1
9.4
5.9
9.2
5.8
5.6
0.9
7.6
0.6 4

14. HYBRIDS DERIVED FROM MARKER TESTED IN DROUGHT ENVIRONMENTS
SELECTION
TESTED IN DROUGHT ENVIRONMENTS

15. Means of Hybrids, from C3, Parents, F6, Cross, and Check from two
biparental populations evaluated in 3-4 DROUGHT and 3-4 OPTIMUM
populations
MANAGEMENT
Group
BLUE GY
BLUE GY
Drought C3
4.008
Optimal
7.997
3.891
7.909
3.801
7.713
3.722
7.669
3.622
7.608
3.556
7.576
3.551
7.550
3.545
3.541
7.541
3.502
7.468
Parent
3.255
7.123
2.466
5.699
Cross
2.688
6.542 F6
3.525
7.325
2.761
7.219
2.781
6.505
2.645
6.885
2.022
6.566
Check
3.567
5.685
2.852
6.359
3.162
6.700
1.656
4.033
2.124
6.016
MANAGEMENT
Group
BLUE GY
BLUE GY
Drought C3
3.196
Optimum
7.089
3.119
7.059
2.614
7.037
2.490
6.932
2.415
6.867
2.375
6.840
2.371
6.825
2.365
6.797
2.359
6.795
2.353
6.767
Parent
2.267
6.383
1.963
6.183
Cross
2.307
5.913 F6
2.057
6.187
2.049
7.215
2.730
6.072
2.206
6.415
1.930
6.686
Check
1.871
5.038
2.291
5.827
1.246
6.533
1.376
2.929
2.036
5.347

17. Grain Yield Mg ha-1
Entry

19. Grain Yield Mg ha-1
Entry

20. Fig. 1i
Grain Yield Mg ha-1
Entry

21. Fig. 1j
Grain Yield Mg ha-1
Entry

22. HYBRIDS DERIVED FROM MARKER TESTED IN OPTIMUM ENVIRONMENTS
SELECTION
TESTED IN OPTIMUM ENVIRONMENTS

26. CONCLUSIONS
RAPID CYCLING OF GENOMIC SELECTION IN MAIZE BIPARENTAL BREEDING POPULATIONS WORK!

27.
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