1. KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.

2. Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.
Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms.
Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures.
straight chain
branched chain
ring

3. Isomers
Isomers are molecules that have the same chemical formula but a different Shape.
Remember – “ form determines function” – the shape of the molecule has everything to do with its function

4. Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together.
Monomers are the individual subunits.
Polymers are made of many monomers.

5. Biomolecules (continued)
Polymers – a large molecule that is made from smaller building blocks called monomers
1. Carbohydrates – polymer made from monomers called monosaccharides (simple sugars)
2. Proteins – polymer made from monomers called amino acids
3. Nucleic acids – polymer made from monomers called nucleotides

6. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.
Macromolecules – large biomolecules
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Nucleic acids
4. Lipids

7. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. In the ratio – CH2O
Monomer – monosaccharides – simple sugar - glucose

8. Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Carbohydrates include sugars and starches.
Monosaccharides are simple sugars.
Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen.

9. Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells.
Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.
Polymer (starch)
Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.
Polymer (cellulose)
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure
monomer

10. Biomolecules
Lipids – fats and oils – C, O, and much more H than carbohydrates – 2 unique properties
1. Not a polymer
2. Nonpolar – not soluble in water

11. Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids.
Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol.
Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids.
Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol.
Triglyceride

12. Lipids have several different functions.
broken down as a source of energy
make up cell membranes
used to make hormones – estrogen and testosterone

13. Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids.
saturated fatty acids
unsaturated fatty acids

14. Phospholipids make up all cell membranes.
Polar phosphate “head”
Nonpolar fatty acid “tails”
Phospholipid

15. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
- Made of C, H, O, N, and some sulfur (S)

16. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.

17. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.
Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.

18. Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids.
Amino acids interact to give a protein its shape.
hydrogen bond
Hemoglobin
Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function.

19. Biomolecules (cont.)
Protein uses
a. Enzymes – controls the rate of chemical reactions
b. Structure
c. Blood – hemoglobin in red blood cells – carries oxygen
d. Immunity – fights diseases
e. Muscles - movement

20. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.
Made of C, H, O, N, and P

21. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.
Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
A phosphate group
nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base
deoxyribose (sugar)

22. Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.
Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
DNA stores genetic information.
DNA
RNA builds proteins.
RNA

23. What’s in your food?

24. BENEDICT’S TEST for SIMPLE SUGARS Color varies from a green to brick-red precipitate depending on the amount and kind of sugar present.
0Cells/Chemical%20Composition%20of%20Cells.htm

25. BIURET’S TEST for PROTEINS
Biuret solution – for proteins
Color Indication
Blue No protein or peptides
Violet        Protein (complete product; one or more chains)
Pink Peptides (two or more amino acids)
Chemical%20Composition%20of%20Cells.htm

26. Iodine turns BLUE-BLACK in the presence of starch.
IODINE TEST for STARCH
Iodine turns BLUE-BLACK in the presence of starch.

27. SUDAN TEST (Lipids) Turns red in the presence of lipids.
POSITIVE SUDAN TEST

28. PAPER BAG TEST for LIPIDS
0Cells/Chemical%20Composition%20of%20Cells.htm