1. Water lot of water?
What physical and human factors affect water supply? Is supply and demand balanced in different parts of the world?

2. Human influences on water supply and demand
Disruption of water cycle
Land use changes affect interception + infiltration + surface storage;
Eg urbanisation, deforestation
Water abstraction affects ground water storage, and can create salinisation and salt water incursion
Flood management + dam construction affect channel flow + storage
By Quantity
( adding to or abstracting) or Quality(pollution)
Humans affect the hydrological cycle at many points of flows and storage:

3. Graphs p 34 and 35 Pearson How is water used on a worldwide scale?
How is water used in the UK?

4. Blue water flow is the visible part of the hydrological system: surface flows and then recharging aquifers
Green water flow is water intercepted, stored in soil and released by vegetation by evaporation and transpiration
Grey water is polluted water
Supply can be from:
Surface sources
groundwater sources
In the UK 2/3 of supply is from surface and 1/3 from groundwater, with regional variations.
Freshwater is effectively a finite resource since only about 1% of freshwater is easily available for human use.
The water footprint indicates how much is required by consumers- and in an increasingly globalised world, the footprint of someone in a country like the UK will not be just local as so many products using water will have been produced elsewhere!

5. The cost of everyday items
….in litres of water.
One sheet of A4…
One slice of bread…
One apple..
One cup of coffee..
One pint of beer..
One pair of leather shoes..
One packet of mixed salad
One bag of crisps..
One litre of milk..
One cotton tee-shirt..
One pair of jeans..
One 100g bar of chocolate..
One glass of wine..

6. The cost of everyday items
….in litres of water.
One sheet of A4…10
One slice of bread…40
One apple..70
One cup of coffee..140
One pint of beer..75
One pair of leather shoes..16,600
One packet of mixed salad..50
One bag of crisps..185
One litre of milk..1000
One cotton tee-shirt
One pair of jeans..10,850
One 100g bar of chocolate..2400
One glass of wine..120

7. Some key definitions p 61 Oxford and p 37 Pearson
Water
shortage
low level of water supply relative to basic needs.
measured by annual renewable flows (in cubic metres) per head of population, or the number of people dependent on each unit of water
stress
often taken as less than 1700m3 per person per year
growing conflict between users and competition for water
declining standards of reliability and service
harvest failures and food insecurity.
scarcity
supply of water per person falls below 1000m3/year
an imbalance of supply and demand
a high rate of use compared to available supply, especially if the remaining supply is difficult or costly to tap.
Physical
water
reached when 60% of river flows are diverted for agricultural, industrial & municipal purposes; globally over 75% is now used
Physical water scarcity is shown by:
Severe environmental degradation
Declining groundwater and water allocation which favours some groups over others.
Arid and semi-arid areas are most at risk
Economic
when less than 25% of rivers are used, and there is abundant supply potential: water does not reach the poorest people
This is often due to political reasons and conflict: easiest to solve by low technology solutions: small dams, water harvesting from roof tops etc. It is targeted by NGOs like Water Aid
Domestic

10. Thirst!

12. Water Supply In India Monsoon Climate
High pressure due to descending air
Monsoon Climate
Due to the movement of the ITCZ
Little supply Dec – May
Monsoon June - Oct
Brahmaputra
Ganges
Indus
2. Changing Discharge in the Ganges, Indus and Brahmaputra.
This varies seasonally due to the Monsoon and snow melting in the Himalayas
3. Geology
Aquifers in the North = good water supply
Low Pressure due to the position of the ITCZ

13. Cherrapunji’s (in India)missing water?
LO: Why can’t we have water everywhere?
Why?
Water scarcity isn’t just the fault of people

14. What are the physical and human reasons that water is an issue in Cherrapunji, India?
Thinking

15. Watch the clip and read the article…in pairs
Complete a table of the physical reasons and human human reasons why water supply in Cherrapunji has changed
Highlight where there are potential overlaps between the two columns.
 Decide which of the reasons is the strongest by scoring them in order (1 for most important, X for least important. The strongest reason gets the lowest score)

16. Factors affecting Cherrapunji
Physical geography
Monsoon climate – variability
Saturation of ground – impervious
Climate change?
Human Geography
Lack of dams – can’t harness variable supply
Aquaculture, NOT agriculture
Overpopultion

17. Yemen
Sanaa, capital of Yemen, has no renewable water. At 2,300m above the sea, the city cannot use desalinated water and the only solution could be to move the capital.
Read p 38 Pearson

18. UK water supply
Let’s examine the reasons for the variation in water demand and supply in the UK.

19. Estimated changes in demand for water 1990 - 2021
Work out the estimated changes in different regions of the UK
Show this on the map after discussing with your partner
What are the advantages / disadvantages of the methods used?

20. Areas of water surplus /water deficit
Using a range of Atlas maps and information, annotate the outline map of the UK to help identify the reasons why there is a water surplus /deficit in the areas identified. Add as much detail as you can around your map.

21. Water resources and climate change?
P 38 Pearson

22. The key players who affect the supply and demand for water?

23. The key players who affect the supply and demand for water?
Water companies
Governments – national and state/local authority
UN, WTO and TNCS
Agriculture
Industry/business
Recreation/tourism
Domestic users
Charities
Nature conservation

24. California p 52-59 Oxford Why are we doing this case study?
‘With reference to differing examples , explain how differing stakeholders views could lead to water conflict’ (15)
‘Referring to examples, assess the potential for water conflict in areas where demand exceeds supply’ (15)
California p Oxford

25. Explain the physical controls on the supply of fresh water in California (think about the climate, river systems and aquifers etc )
How is human activity affecting the water availability in California?
What are different key players likely views on the water issues in California?
What are the environmental implications of supplying water to California?
What are the economic implications of supplying water to California?
IN DETAIL 

26. Why will conflict arise here ?
7 states covered :
Wyoming / Colorado
New Mexico / Arizona
California / Nevada
Utah
Why will conflict arise here ?
Las Vegas 1.8 million
Colorado
1 of the bread basket states
Hoover Dam
Mojave Desert
Glen Canyon Dam
Phoenix – 1.5 million residents
Salt water :
Pacific Ocean and gulf of California

27. History of the Colorado Basin
Colorado Compact 1922, allocated the water rights between the different states
1920’s ‘law of the River’ divided the river into the Upper basin states, who had responsibility to supply the lower states
Over time new treaties have been signed and Mexico has also been involved
Now there is a ‘giant plumbing system’, with more than 10 major dams to give water to over 30 million people
Lots of the treaties were established in the 1920’s, since then population, industry and climate here have all changed

28. Stakeholder and what they think including specific detail
Complete the Conflict matrix, but also put in their opinions in detail in the first column
Stakeholder and what they think including specific detail
Farmers
City dwellers
Environmentalists
Indigenous groups
Mexican People
US federal Gov
City Dwellers
Environmentalist and recreationists
Indigenous Groups
US federal Government