1. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice Watermist for Risk Control (Why its not as simple as all that!) RISCAuthority Seminar 2012 Dr Jim Glockling Technical Director, Fire Protection Association Director RISCAuthority RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice 1

2. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice Watermist What is watermist? Why is it different to other forms of suppression? Why will it always be complicated to specify and prove? Where equivalency is asked for what comparisons need making o What makes a system perform? o What makes a system reliable? Whats RISCAuthority doing to help? 2

3. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice What is watermist? 1.Provision of finely divided water droplets, typically 200um 2.Droplets created at higher pressures than traditional sprinkler systems, through small orifices 3.Sometimes driven by compressed gas or HP pumps 4.Generally described as a 2 - part action: Thermodynamic cooling during evaporation Oxygen reduction through steam displacement 5.Operated as: Deluge systems Bulb Actuated * 3

4. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice Why is watermist different? Guidance of the type given for sprinkler and gaseous systems is too difficult to give Sprinklers mm/min water for each Hazard Category Inert gaseous systems%O2 for hazard (O2 index) + Safety Factor Halcocarbon gas systems%gas for hazard (cup burner test) + SF Watermist more problematic since there are many modes of operation and the properties of the fire and the enclosure may determine which one, if any, occurs. There is no concept of Safety Factor 4

5. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice Example modes of operation of 3 challenges 5 O2 depletionFoam deliverySurface cooling Key parameters: Fire size, Compartment size, Compartment height, Compartment Ventilation, Amount of clutter, Nozzle location, Use of foam, Temperature of equipment

6. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice So is it gas – like or sprinkler – like? The safest bet is to assume: It is gas – like in that it requires a well sealed enclosure It is sprinkler – like in that it must have direct access to the fire Unless someone can convince you through appropriate testing to think otherwise. Retailers will often vary the answer to suit the argument: Use in warehousing Use in cluttered environments Where poor distribution has been established 6

7. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice How long the fire has been burning effects performance

8. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice Fire size effects performance

9. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice Ventilation effects performance

10. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice Watermist density effects performance

11. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice Summary Fires that have been burning for LONGER, are hotter, and have less oxygen available and may therefore be EASIER to extinguish Fires that are BIGGER, are hotter, and have less oxygen available and may therefore be EASIER to extinguish Fires with LESS VENTILATION cannot replace the oxygen displaced by steam as quickly and may therefore be EASIER to extinguish Fires subjected to MORE DROPLETS can produce steam more rapidly which may BENEFIT extinguishment 11

12. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice Thats all well and good but … LONGER, BIGGER, LESS VENTILATION, MORE DROPLETS may mean different things in different sized enclosures with different size fires. The challenge of: Physically SMALL fire in a physically BIG enclosure Physically LARGE fire in a physically SMALL enclosure Physically LARGE fire in a physically BIG enclosure Physically SMALL fire in a physically SMALL enclosure Will be different, and whats more, as the fire becomes affected, will change in size and alter dynamically ….. cycling of fires is not uncommon. 12

13. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice A very special set of circumstances need to exist for water mist to operate effectively robustly reliably as an extinguishing or control system CONCLUSIONS

14. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice Watermist Strengths High heat output fuels Liquid fuels Hot environments Enclosed environments Direct application Environmental cooling Hidden fires (if large) Weaknesses Ventilated spaces High ceiling heights Small fires Hot surfaces (sustained ignition sources) Deep seated fires Hidden fires (if small) Little residual benefit one water exhausted Class A fuels 14

15. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice Building regulations and codes which specify or reference active protection in England and Wales The Building Regulations 2000: Approved Document B Compensatory feature for variation from AD B BS 9999:2008 Code of practice for fire safety in the design, management and use of building Fitting of sprinkler systems allows adjustment of the risk profile and permits: Reduction in the fire growth rate; Allowing larger travel distances; Larger compartments; Reduced fire resistance periods; Other provisions recommended in the standard BS 7974 Application of fire safety engineering principles to the design of buildings

16. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice What BS 9999 states about sprinkler protection Other systems must be equivalent to Sprinklers: Performance & Reliability

17. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice What makes sprinkler systems Perform? Historical record of over 100 years with continuous development and improvement Substantial number of fire tests in support of design and development for Ordinary Hazard; and High Hazard risks Proven equipment reliability; Proven installation standards which create a level playing field in a competitive marketplace.

18. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice What makes sprinkler systems Reliable (1)? Reliability of sprinkler systems and equipment was problematic in the early years of sprinkler protection. Most problems have been resolved by: Specifications for equipment; Specified clearances between moving valve parts Sprinkler orifice minimum size limits (8mm ND) Continuous refinement of detailed installation design specification; Robust definition of hazard vs. design requirements Robust water supply design (Security) Duplication

19. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice What makes sprinkler systems Reliable (2)? Testing and certification of hardware; Certification of installing companies Auditing of installing companies and their work Rigorous inspection & testing of installed system; Acceptance tests and inspections including flow tests Weekly and periodic testing and inspections; Checking installation control valve function; Pump testing (if pumps are used);

20. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice And even then we still find problems albeit rarely….

21. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice Comparison of systems specifications Sprinkler systems LPC Rules incorporating BS EN12845 Proven system design criteria Published equipment specifications (EN12259) Certificated equipment Water mist system No UK or European standard (BS DD/CEN TS) Few proven system design criteria mostly for specialised applications No published UK or European equipment specifications Few certificated products NFPA 750

22. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice Comparison of systems Installation control valves Sprinkler installation control valves – opens on demand Secured against tampering Water alarm gong Water mist control valves take a number of different forms but often solenoids with electronic activation

23. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice Comparison of systems Sprinkler systems Sprinkler orifice size (8mm minimum) Water mist systems No minimum orifice size ( orifice sizes can be <1mm)

24. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice Comparison of systems Testing of water supplies Sprinkler system All water supplies tested At commissioning; During service. Water mist systems Not all water supplies can be tested;

25. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice Comparison of systems Duration of water supplies Sprinkler systems Ordinary Hazard – 60 minutes Wetting of fire load, providing a controlling influence even after water supply duration Water mist systems Varies with design but often 20 minutes or les Protection provided for duration of water supply

26. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice Comparison of systems Water application rate Sprinkler systems Specified against hazard Water mist systems Varies depending on system supplier May be based on a single fire test designed or selected by the supplier

27. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice Comparative fire tests conducted in the UK by BRE on an Office fire load concluded- 1 Tests were conducted with industry providing low and high pressure water mist systems against the BRE developed office scenario. The results, with one exception, were of some concern as effective fire suppression was not demonstrated. Results indicate that the water mist systems, as installed for testing, were not able to provide the intended level of fire protection. Or, in terms of the design of the tested systems, the spacing between nozzles was too great and the quantity of water discharged too low, to provide effective fire suppression.

28. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice Comparative fire tests conducted in the UK by BRE on an Office fire load concluded- 2 One test with an industry provided low pressure water mist system effectively suppressed the BRE developed office fire scenario. This test was conducted at approximately 5mm/min, an equivalent water coverage to that required by a sprinkler system in accordance with the specifications of BS EN 12845. Reference: http://www.brebookshop.com/details.jsp?id=326685

29. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice Watermist equivalency with Sprinklers? Reliability? Performance? There is little by way of codes or standards to dictate that watermist systems will have many of the features that we know make Sprinkler Systems effective for the long term protection of property and business: It will need to be specified separately! 29

30. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice Why do we need questionnaires for watermist? Repeated calls from insurers for guidance, especially when proposed in place of sprinkler systems A need for RISCAuthority to promote new technologies to where they can provide most benefit for business and property protection- in the right places watermist is the BEST option. To allow the designer/specifier to demonstrate to the purchasers/insurer that a full and appropriate job has been/will be done in the design and implementation of the system 30

31. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice www.RISCAuthority.co.uk 31

32. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice Why questionnaires and not guides? Watermist function is complex There are no appropriate standards or certification schemes to rely on To describe for every eventuality is impossible Checking that all design elements: have been considered usual risk control logic has been followed properly recorded and are owned is the only practical approach 32

33. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice Common flaws and mistakes (General) Design intention is not properly understood (i.e. property protection vs. LS) Risk never properly investigated and/or understood System design never validated against appropriate risk (marine) System design does not consider all modes of operation of the equipment it is protecting Very short water supply durations in comparison with shut down & control of ignition sources Activation not interlocked with: Power / fuel / ignition sources Ventilation / Conveyancing equipment Inappropriate detection in the context of suppression systems / risks needs Insufficient control of ventilation Insufficient guidance, training, and manuals Inappropriate referencing of sprinkler equivalency No overall ownership 33

34. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice Closing Questionnaires ONLY ask details of the steps that MUST be taken in the provision of an effective watermist response Difficultly to complete may indicate that all the bases have not been covered and should serve as a warning The intention is to develop further questionnaires for gaseous extinguishing systems More information at the poster exhibition outside. END 34

35. RISK INSIGHT, STRATEGY AND CONTROL AUTHORITY Reducing insurable risk through research, advice and best practice NFPA 750 Scope. This standard contains the minimum requirements for the design, installation, maintenance, and testing of water mist fire protection systems. This standard does not provide definitive fire performance criteria, nor does it offer specific guidance on how to design a system to control, suppress, or extinguish a fire. Reliance is placed on the procurement and installation of listed water mist equipment or systems that have demonstrated performance in fire tests as part of a listing process. 35