1. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION
Allameh Tabatabae’I University
Winter 2017

2. Session 2 & 3
Chapter 2, Reeve’s book

3. Review
Main concepts (law, theory, hypothesis, effect, principle, emotion, motivation)
Themes in studying motivations
Motivational sources
Motivation expression
Motivational competition
Motivational continuity

4. Motivation is like the steering and Emotion is like the fuel
01:15
Motivation is like the steering and Emotion is like the fuel

5. Kinds of theory Grand theory Theory Mini theories
specific motivational phenomenon
motivational phenomenon (e.g., the flow experience)
particular circumstances that affect motivation (e.g., failure feedback)
groups of people (e.g., extraverts, children, workers)
theoretical question (e.g., What is the relationship between cognition and emotion?)

6. History of motivational theories
Scientists
Date
Theory
Realm of science
Grand theories
Plato
Aristotle
Thomas Aquinas
Descartes
Charles Darwin
William James
William McDougal
Woodworth
Freud
Hall
Lichtenberg
4th century
13th century
16th century
19th century
20th century
21th century
Appetitive-competitive- calculating aspects
Nutritive- sensitive- rational aspects
irrational and rational motivations
Body and will (physiology and philosophy)
Instinct
Stimulus + instinct = goal-directed behavior
Small theories
Motivational systems
Philosophy
Psychology
Will
Drive

7. History of motivational theories
Scientists
Date
Realm of science
Charles Darwin
William James
William McDougal
Hall
19th century
20th century
By the late 1960
Early of 1970
After then
philosophy
Physiology & science
psychology
Experimental psychology
Biology needs
Cognitive revolution
Social psychology

8. Seven motivational systems
00:30
Seven motivational systems
Physiological regulation
Attachment
Exploration/assertion
Aversive
Sensual/sexual
Affiliation
caregiving

9. Famous figures
Plato
Aristotle
Thomas Aquinas

10. Famous figures
Descartes
Charles Darwin
William James

11. Famous figures
Woodworth
Freud
Hall

12. 29. August 1925 in Baltimore, Maryland
Lichtenberg

13. Thomas Aquinas Passion of the body Dualism Reason of the mind
Irrational pleasure-based motivation
Rational will-based motivation
Motivational dichotomy
Passion versus reason
Good versus evil
Animal nature versus human soul

14. Descartes Passive body Dualism Active will
For 300 years
Purposive motives _ philosophy
Reactive motives – physiology
The mind could control the body and govern its desires.
The will was a faculty (a power) of the mind that controlled the bodily appetites and passions in the interests of virtue and salvation by exercising it’s power of choice.

15. Charles Darwin Biological Determinism
Tow important features
Mentalistic motivational concepts
Ending man-animal dualism

16. William James appropriate stimulus Instinct goal-directed behavior
Instinct theories: Circular Explanation, explain an observation in terms of itself.

17. Instinct theory’s problem
Circular explanation
Explain an observation in terms of itself

18. Freud

19. Freud drive theory aspects (linear theory)
Deprivation energy buildups produced by biological urges within the nervous system +
maintaining a constant and low energy level
Anxiety
Drive

20. Freud drive theory

21. Freud drive theory aspects
physiological basis and bodily need as the ultimate source of motivation
Purpose of behavior was to serve the satisfaction of needs
Drive ……………………… a sort of emergency warning system
Experienced anxiety at psychological level ………………….. Motive for serving needs
Closed system, linear theory, limited energy, determinism

22. Criticism of Freud drive theory
(1) relative overestimation of the contribution of biological forces to motivation (and hence, a relative underestimation of factors related to learning and experience);
(2) an overreliance on data taken from case studies of disturbed individuals (and hence, an under reliance on data taken from experimental research with representative samples)
(3) ideas that were not scientifically (i.e., experimentally) testable (e.g., How can one empirical test whether or not people possess a drive to be aggressive?).

23. Hall
sEr =sHr ×D
sEr =sHr ×D×K
Learning
Environment

24. Presumptions of drive theory
drive emerged from bodily needs
(2) drive energized behavior
(3) drive reduction was reinforcing and produced learning.

25. Critiques
some motives emerged without any corresponding biological need. anorexia (Klien, 1954)
external (i.e., environmental) sources of motivation could energize behavior.
Drinking a favorite beverage without being thirsty
learning often occurred without any corresponding experience of drive reduction.
learning hungry rats by injecting saccharin reward which does not have nutritional
benefits/ learning occurred not only after drive reduction but also after drive induction
(i.e., an increase in drive; Harlow, 1953)
Drive reduction was neither necessary nor sufficient for learning to occur (Bolles, 1972)

26. Discussion Difference between Freud’s and Hall’s drive theory
Similarities between Freud’s and Hall’s drive theory
Libido in Freud’s and Hall’s drive theory
Learning in Freud’s and Hall’s drive theory
Motivation (Energy and direction) in Freud’s and Hall’s drive theory

27. Incentive theory
The incentive theories that emerged in the 1960s fundamentally sought to explain why people approached positive incentives and why they avoided negative ones (e.g., Bolles, 1972; Pfaffman, 1960; Young, 1966).
Focuses on Hull’s K instead of his D _ hedonism

28. Incentive theory
(1) new motivational concepts, such as incentives and expectancies
(2) the idea that motivational states could be acquired through experience rather than just through biology
(3) a portrayal of motivation that highlighted moment-to-moment changes (because environmental incentives can change from one moment to the next).

29. Arousal theory
(1) aspects of the environment (how stimulating, novel, stressful) affected how aroused the brain was, and
(2) variations in level of arousal had a curvilinear (the inverted-U shape) relationship to behavior.

30. Arousal theory

31. Discussion
How theories evolve during history?

32. Homework
Chapter 2
Write examples for any theory from your own life and edit your own theory