2. Created by David Palmer
Political Geography
Created by David Palmer

3. Goal and Scale 4
Research major political centripetal and centrifugal forces of different regions. 3
Apply the concepts of centrifugal and centripetal forces at the national scale. 2
Identify that Centrifugal forces can originate in political dimensions (e.g., majority/ minority relationships, armed conflicts), economic dimensions (e.g., uneven development), or cultural dimensions (e.g., stateless nations, ethnic movements). Identify that Centripetal forces can originate in political dimensions (e.g., national identity), economic dimensions (e.g., equitable infrastructure development), or cultural dimensions (e.g., linguistic, religious, and ethnic similarities). 1
With help from the teacher, the student has partial success with the unit content

4. I. State and Nation
A. state: political unit (can be used interchangeably with country)
B. nation: refers to a tightly knit group of people (usually having similarities: culture, language, religion, etc.) – homeland- political identity
e.g. Yugoslavia was a state but not a nation.
nationalism - loyalty to a nation/ sense of inclusion

5. Centripetal and Centrifugal
Centripetal forces: factors that unify or hold a state or nation together. (peace)
Centrifugal forces: factors that dis-unify or destabilize a state or nation. (fights)

6. Former Yugoslavia - State not a nation? Why?
Cultural transition zone
Centripetal- USSR and Tito
Centrifugal – religion, ethnicity, history, genocide
video
Fellmann

7. Stateless Nations - Have no national Territory
e.g Palestinian Arabs
6.5 million (Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria)
Palestinians have common culture and religion (centripetal) but no territory (causes fight with Israel)
Native american
CIA Factbook. online

8. Native American- Stateless Nation?

9. Kurdistan 20 million Kurds Turkey and Iraq very volatile relationship
Kurds desire territory or at least autonomous control of land in Iraq and Turkey
video
Fellmann 343

10. Concept: Nation-State
Ideal built on homogeneity of territory and culture
Politically organized
Sovereignty: final authority over territories political and military affairs
Example - Japan
Ethnic Groups in Japan Japanese 99%
Picture Here
CIA Factbook. online

11. Geographic Characteristics of States

12. State Has territory (at high tide)/defined boarders Is sovereign
Has a government
Is recognized by other countries
Has a permanent population

13. A. Territory Size-micro vs macro
Does Size =Power? No
Greater land area may equal greater resources
Could also lead to problems with regulating area (communication and transportation)
CIA Factbook. online
Vatican Map Micro State - Vatican Map

14. Size is not necessarily an indicator for success
Russia
Land Area: 6,550.7 square miles
Purchasing Power Parity $9700 (2002)
United States
Land Area: 3,787.4
Purchasing Power Parity $36,300 (2002)
CIA Factbook. online

15. B. Territory Shape
Fellmann 423

16. 1. Compact State: (circle shape)
the distance from any point of the country to its center is about the same.
supposed to provide the most geographic stability
e.g. Poland, Iceland, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zimbabwe

17. 2. Fragmented State consisting of 2 or more pieces
can make some interactions within the country more difficult
e.g. Philippines

18. Hello down there!
3. Elongated
Can create separatist areas due to distance from center or core
Vietnam, Chile, Norway

19. Prorupt States An area that extends from a compact area
Can create room for factions geographically
Southern Thailand

20. Perforated State US question next slide broken by another country
1. exclaves: separated from the state by another state
e.g. Azerbaijan (Fellmann 347)
2. enclaves: surrounded by another state
e.g. Christian Armenia
b. e.g. South Africa-Lesotho
----- Meeting Notes (1/24/12 12:21) -----
Add Kaliningrad to the perforated state slide.
US question next slide

21. Practice Analysis of Shape
What US state is an exclave?
The same state is also a prorupt state.
What shape best describes California?
Elongated

22. Big Theme
Territory size & shape can influence political stability, but can not determine social, political, or economic well being.

23. Boundaries

24. What is a boundary?
Boundary: a vertical plane that cuts through the airspace and ground to determine ownership

25. Problems Boundaries
Lack of knowledge of underground resources when boundaries were created
1990 Kuwait vs. Iraq: Rumaylah oil reserves
created International conflict (picture 349)

26. Who Controls Airspace?
When boundaries were created there was a lack of knowledge of importance of airspace
a. airline traffic
b. satellite space?

27. How are Boundaries Created?
Defined - usually legally by someone who is not directly involved (written)
Delimitation - mapped
Demarcation - marked with posts, walls, fences, etc. (Fellman 430)

28. Types of Boundaries
Geometric boundary: straight line boundary totally unrelated to physical features
e.g. United States border with Canada
Four Level analysis- Level 2 - Patterns
Level 3 - why there?

29. Types of Boundaries
Physical-political/ or natural-political boundaries: boundaries which conform to physical features
e.g. United States border with Mexico along the Rio Grande

30. Types of Boundaries- genetic boundaries
A. antecedent boundary: some boundaries were defined and delimited before humans settled
e.g. Malaysia
B. subsequent boundaries: boundaries which developed according to the cultural landscape
e.g. Vietnam/ China

31. Types of Boundaries Genetic continued
C. superimposed boundaries: forcibly drawn boundaries across a culturally unified landscape
e.g. Papau New Guinea/ Indonesia
d. relict boundary: border that has ceased to function imprints still evident in cultural landscape. N-S Vietnam

32. IV. Boundary Disputes A. Territorial / Definitional
-Whose Land is it? Focus on legal language of the agreement
B. Positional / Locational => 1991
1. focus on delimitation and demarcation of the border
2. the interpretation of the definition is the dispute
3. Saudi Arabia vs. Yemen (oil rich border not covered in the treaty)

33. IV. Boundary Disputes C. Functional / Operational Border Dispute
1. way boundary should function
2. how should each side handle cross-border migration
D. Resources / Allocational Border Dispute
1. dispute over boundary due to location of resources
2. water supplies - Colorado River

34. Boundary Disputes D. Allocational Border Dispute
1. dispute over boundary due to location of resources
2. water supplies - Colorado River
nasa

35. Various boundary disputes - what type are they?
Botswana has built electric fences to stem the thousands of Zimbabweans who flee to find work and escape political persecution.
Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by 2002 Ethiopia-Eritrea Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision, but despite international intervention, mutual animosities, accusations, and armed posturing have prevented demarcation; Ethiopia refuses to withdraw to the delimited boundary until claimed technical errors made by the EEBC that ignored "human geography" are addressed, including the award of Badme, the focus of the war.
All of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands.
Functional
Territorial and Positional
Resource
Source:

36. Mari-time Boundaries UN Convention on Law of the Sea
Source:

37. Arctic Ocean Competing Claims
Why is this a disputed region of the world?
Who cares and why?
Source:

38. Changing political power in US
4 level analysis Which regions of the country are gaining / losing representation?
How will this influence future elections?
Who is gaining / losing influence?

39. Source: AARP: http://www. aarp

40. New Countries

44. Add Southern Sudan 2011

45. Unitary State