1. Revolutions and the Rise of Nationalism

2. The Scientific Revolution
Rigorous challenge to church doctrines
Reconception of the Universe started by Copernicus and reinforced by Galileo and Kepler
Newton will revolutionize physics with his laws of motion

3. The Enlightenment
Favored of rational thought and scientific analysis

4. Popular Sovereignty
Went against “mandate of heaven” and “divine right of kings”
Kings to be made responsible to subject populations

5. Popular Sovereignty John Locke (1632-1704)
Argues that rulers derive power from consent of ruled
Individuals retain personal rights, give political rights to rulers

6. Individual Freedoms
Voltaire
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Écrasez l’infame, “erase the infamy:” criticism of Roman Catholic church
Argues for equality of all individuals, regardless of class, before the law
The Social Contract (1762), argues that society is collectively the sovereign

7. Social Contract Theory

8. The shot heard round the world
Revolution in America

9. French and Indian War,
Overlapped with Seven Years’ War ( )
Both England and France want to claim the Ohio River Valley
Expensive $$$$$$

10. Treaty of Paris 1763- British victory ensured global dominance, North American prosperity

11. Major Cause of War-Tax Tax burden falls to the colonies
Sugar Act (1764)
Stamp Act (1765)
Quartering Act (1765) (housing of British troops)
Tea Act (1773)

12. Tensions Increase British products boycotted, officials attacked
Protests
Boston Tea Party (1773), tea dumped into Boston harbor in protest against Tea Act

13. Tensions Increase
Continental Congress formed (1774), coordinates colonists’ resistance to British policies
July 4, 1776, adopts Declaration of Independence
Influence of Locke: retention of individual rights, sovereignty based on consent of the ruled

14. Revolutionary War Colonies: Britain: Popular support
Support of British rivals (French)
George Washington ( ) provides military leadership
Britain:
Strong central government
Navy, army
Loyalist population

15. Building an Independent State
War-weariness sets in by 1780
Yorktown, Virginia
British Surrender in October 1781
Treaty of Paris, 1783
Recognition of American independence
1787 Constitution of the United States drafted

16. The French Revolution
“Liberty, equality, fraternity”

17. Causes of Revolution
There are serious fiscal problems in France. They have too much war debt.
They also have a social class system set up from the middle ages.
King Louis XVI wanted to tax the nobility to pay off war debt.
Extravagant spending by Queen Marie Antoinette (nicknamed “Madame Deficit”

18. Estate System
The third estate made up a majority of France’s population. It included the bourgeoisie(middle class), merchants/artisans, and rural peasants.

19. The Estates General A legislative body formed in 1303
One vote per estate
Louis XVI asks the estates general to institute economic reform.

20. 1789- Revolution begins
When the third estates demands for change aren’t met, they secede and form the National Assembly
July, mob attacks Bastille, bloody battle won by mob
The storming of the Bastille marks the beginning of the Revolution.

21. Radicalization of Revolution
National Assembly abolishes old social order
New constitution retains king, but subject to legislative authority
1793: King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette found guilty of treason and sent to guillotine

22. Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794)
Becomes the ruler when Louis XVI is beheaded
Robespierre facilitates the “Reign of Terror”
Churches closed, priests forced to marry, those that spoke out or opposed were sent to the guillotine
Calendar reorganized: Ten-day weeks, proclaimed Year I

23. The Directory ( )
Revolutionary enemies of the Jacobins, overthrew Robespierre
Men of property take power in the form of the Directory
Unable to solve economic and military problems of revolutionary France

24. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)
Overthrew Directory in 1799
Established new government, the Consulate
Crowned himself emperor in 1802

25. Napoleonic France 1804 promulgates Napoleonic Code
Patriarchal authority
Became model for many civil codes

26. Napoleon’s Empire Conquered Iberian, Italian peninsulas, Netherlands
Forced Austria and Prussia to enter into alliance
Disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812, which would be his most costly mistake.

27. Napoleon's Empire

28. Napoleon's Empire
British, Austrian, Prussian, and Russian armies force Napoleon to abdicate, 1814
Exiled to Island of Elba, escaped to take power again for 100 days
Defeated by British at Waterloo, exiled to St. Helena, dies 1821

29. The Revolution in Haiti

30. Revolution in Haiti Only successful slave revolt Rich Caribbean colony
Sugar, coffee, cotton
Almost one-third of France’s foreign trade

31. Society in Saint-Domingue (Haiti)
40,000 white French settlers
28,000 gens de couleur (free people of color, i.e. mixed-race, freed slaves)
500,000 slaves

32. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
The Revolt
Inspired by American and French revolutions
500 gens de couleur sent to fight British in American War of Independence
1789 white settlers demand self-rule, but with no equality for gens de couleur
1791 civil war breaks out
Slaves revolt under Vodou priest named Boukman
French, British, Spanish forces attempt to intervene
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

33. François-Dominique Toussaint (1744-1803)
Also known as Toussaint Louverture, was a former slave who led the Haitian revolution.
Built army of 20,000, eventually dominated Saint-Domingue (Haiti)
1801 promulgated constitution of equality
1802 arrested by Napoleon’s forces, died in jail
French troops driven out, 1804 Haiti declares independence
©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.