1. LECTURE 7. DOMAIN Archaea
 1. Diversity and Phylogeny of Archaea
 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
 3. Phylum Crenarchaeota
 4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota
 5. Other phyla: Nanoarchaeota, Korarchaeota

2. 1. DIVERSITY AND PHYLOGENY OF Archaea

3. 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA
Family Halobacteriaceae
Extreme halophiles
(>15% NaCl)

4. 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA
Thalassohaline
Athalassohaline
Great Salt Lake (USA)
Dead Sea (Jordan-Israel)
Solar salterns
Lake Wadi Natrum (Egypt) Soda lake

5. 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
Cyanobacteria
2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA
Dunaliella
Archaea – Bacteria
Fungi (black yeasts)

6. HALORHODOPSIN (light driven chloride pump)
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA
Osmoadaptation
HALORHODOPSIN (light driven chloride pump)

7. 2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA
BACTERIORHODOPSIN (light driven proton pump)
Retinal based photosynthesis

8. Solar salterns 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA
Solar salterns
Bras del Port (Santa Pola, Alicante, Spain – 38º12’N, 0º36’W)

9. 25% Solar salterns No bacterivory “Haloviruses”
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA
Solar salterns
No bacterivory
Marine microbiota
25%
Halophilic mcrobiota
Salinity gradient
Prokat¡ryotic diversity
Virus and cell numbers
“Haloviruses”
Up to VLP/ml
Haloquadratum walsbyi (Euryarchaeota)
Salinibacter ruber (Bacteroidetes)
Images property of Fernando Santos

11. * * * * * ** ** * 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.2. METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA
* Themophiles or hyperthermophiles
** Halophiles

13. Three types of substrates: CO2-type (plus H2) Methylated Acetate
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
METHANOGENESIS
2.2. METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA
Three types of substrates:
CO2-type (plus H2)
Methylated
Acetate

14. 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
2.2. METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA
SINTROPHY

15. 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
2.2. METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA

16. 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
2.2. METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA

17. Anoxic oxidation of methane
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
2.2. METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA
Anoxic oxidation of methane
In methane hydrates

18. Methanopyrus (see tree)
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
2.3. (HYPER)THERMOPHILIC ARCHAEA
Thermoplasmatales:
Thermoplasma
Ferroplasma
THERMOPHILIC
ACIDOPHILIC
NO CELL WALLS
Thermococcales:
Pyrococcus
SULFUR REDUCERS
HYPERTHERMOPHILIC
Archaeoglobales:
Archaeoglobus
SULFATE REDUCER
HYPERTHERMOPHILIC
Methanopyrus (see tree)
122oC

19. Marine Euryarchaeota IV: planktonic (deep waters)
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
2.4. MARINE Euryarchaeota
Marine Euryarchaeota II (+ abundant) and III (aphotic area): planktonic
Marine Euryarchaeota IV: planktonic (deep waters)
BOTH UNCULTURED

20. 3. Phylum Crenarchaeota

21. 3. Phylum Crenarchaeota

22. Thermoproteus, Thermophilus
3. Phylum Crenarchaeota
3.1. Crenarchaeota FROM TERRESTRIAL VOLCANIC HABITATS (SOLFATARAS)
Sulfolobus
Thermoproteus, Thermophilus
3.2. Crenarchaeota FROM SUBMARINE VOLCANIC HABITATS (HYDROTHERMAL VENTS)
Pyrolobus
Pyrodictium

23. 4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota

24. Marine Crenarchaeota “Marine group I” Phylum Thaumarchaeota
4.1. MARINE Thaumarchaeota
Marine Crenarchaeota “Marine group I” Phylum Thaumarchaeota
Although first described in the oceans, Archaea closely related to marine Thaumarchaeota and Euryarchaeota have been found in different environments

25. 4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota
4.1. MARINE Thaumarchaeota
Thaumarchaeota

26. 4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota
4.1. MARINE Thaumarchaeota

27. 4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota
4.1. MARINE Thaumarchaeota

28. 4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota
4.2. SOIL Thaumarchaeota

29. 4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota

30. Cenarchaeum symbiosum
4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota
4.3. SYMBIOTIC Thaumarchaeota
Cenarchaeum symbiosum

31. 5. OTHER PHYLA
5.1. Phylum Korarchaeota

32. 5. OTHER PHYLA
5.2. Phylum Nanoarchaeota
Igniococcus
Nanoarchaeum