1. Chemistry of Life
Chapter 2

2. Water Water - Vital for Life! Composes 75% or more of you
Universal solvent
It’s “polar” = uneven distribution
of electrons.
O side - , H side +
Water molecules attract one another
Held by weak Hydrogen bonds

3. Sticking Together…Surface Tension
Video – Water Strider/Surface Tension
Video – Jesus Lizard

4. Bonds Hydrogen Bonds: weak bonds in a charged molecule
Cohesion: attraction between molecules of the same substance.
Adhesion: attraction between molecules of different substances.

5. Mixing It Up… Solutions are composed of a…
Solute: substance being dissolved
Solvent: substance in which the solute is dissolved
Concentration: amount of solute dissolved per volume of solution

6. Some things don’t mix…
Suspensions - Mixtures of water and non-dissolved material.
EX: Blood has dissolved compounds, cells, and un- dissolved particles.

7. pH Scale Indicates the concentration of H+ ions in solution.
Acids: compound that forms H+ ions in solution
Contain higher concentration of H+ ions than pure water and have a pH below 7.

8. Bases: compound that produces hydroxide ions OH- in solutions.
Also called Alkaline
Contain lower concentrations of H+ ions than pure water and have a pH above 7.

10. H+
OH-

11. Buffers
Weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sudden changes in pH.
Important in controlling homeostasis in the body.

12. Chemical Reactions
Involves making or breaking bonds to form new products
CO2 +H2O H2CO3
Spontaneous: release energy
Activation energy: energy that is needed to get a reaction started.

13. Carbon All organic (living) things contain carbon
Can bond with many elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, etc.

14. Macromolecules (aka Biomolecules or Organic Compounds)
Large molecules
Made of many, many smaller molecules
Polymerization: process that forms macromolecules
Monomers: smaller units in a polymer

15. 4 Groups of organic compounds found in living things:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins

16. Carbohydrates Made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms
Main source of energy and for structural purposes
Store extra sugar as starches in plants and glycogen in animals.

17. Monosaccharide: single sugar molecules
EX: galactose, lactose, fructose
Polysaccharides: large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides
EX: glycogen, or starch.

18. Lipids Fats, Oils, Waxes Made from carbon and hydrogen
Important in cell membranes and waterproof coverings
Made of a Glycerol molecule and fatty acids

19. Nucleic Acids
Contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
Store and transmit hereditary or genetic information.
DNA and RNA
Monomers are nucleotides

20. Proteins Contain nitrogen (as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen)
Small subunits are called Amino acids
Control the rate of reaction (enzymes) and regulate cell processes.
Transport substances into/out of cells and help fight disease.

21. Enzymes Enzymes are classified as Proteins!
Speed up chemical reactions
They lower activation energy
They work on a specific substance
An enzyme’s name usually comes from the reaction it catalyzes

22. Enzyme Action
Enzyme-Substrate Complex: where reactants are brought together to react.
Substrates: the reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
Active site: where substrate binds

23. How it works
Substrate fits into the active site on the enzyme forming the enzyme-substrate complex
They stay together till the reaction is over
Then, the enzyme is free to start the process again (its re-usable)

25. Concept Map Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids
include
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars and
starches
Fats and oils
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,